Chapter 24-27 Study Questions
1. Railroad Expansion (pp. 528-536) a. The government gave away land bigger than the state of ________ to various railroad companies. What benefits did the government get in return and why did private companies need these land grants or similar subsidies before they would build the transcontinental railways?
(1) Benefit to government:
(2) Need for subsidy:
b. Besides the first transcontinental railroad built jointly by the _________ Pacific (building from the east) and the __________ Pacific (building from the west), which was completed in 18___, three other transcontinental lines were built with public funds while a fifth, the Great _________, was built by financier James J. ________. An ex-shipping magnate named Cornelius _________ consolidated the New York __________ railroad empire in the East and Midwest. In addition to creating our four standard time zones in 18___, what impact do the authors say (p. 534) that the post-War railroad boom had on each of the following?
(1) Industrial Expansion: (4) Immigration:
(2) Agriculture: (5) Great Plains:
(3) Cities: (6) Wealth concentration:
c. The monopolistic economic power of railroad moguls such as Jay ________ and Cornelius’s son William H. ______________ finally motivated the government in 1887 to enact the ______________ Commerce Act. Even though this act didn’t do much to crimp the style of the “Robber Barons,” why do the authors on p. 536 call it a “red-letter law”?
2. Industrialization (pp. 536–537) Define the four factors the authors say came together at the end of the 1800s to create the industrial boom:
(1) Liquid capital: (3) Labor:
(2) Natural resources: (4) Innovation:
3. Titans and Trusts (pp. 537–543) a. The steel interests of Andrew _________ are cited as an example of “vertical integration,” while the Standard Oil Trust of John D. _____________ is an example of “horizontal integration.” What is the difference between these two merger forms?
(1) Vertical integration:
(2) Horizontal integration:
b. The financier with the bulbous nose who dominated Wall Street, bought out Carnegie, and formed the U.S. ________ Company was J. P. __________. Rockefeller consolidated what appeared to be a dying petroleum industry that was given new life by the internal-combustion engine used to power the ____________. *** If the “New-Rich” of 100 years ago were concentrated in finance, transportation, and heavy industries, the “New-Rich” of today such as ______________ (name a person) are concentrated in the _______________ industry.
c. How were the biological theories of Charles Darwin used (or abused) to rationalize the accumulation of vast wealth by a few and the relative poverty of the masses?
d. After the 1887 Interstate Commerce Act, the first government effort to control business excesses was the ___________ Anti-Trust Act of 18___. Though not effectively enforced, it put Congress on record as placing “public need” over “private greed.” *** What’s so bad about a big company monopolizing an industry? Can there be anything good about a monopoly?
4. Impact of Industrialization (pp. 543–549) a. How did industrialization affect the South?
b. List three major areas of American life permanently affected by the Industrial Revolution:
(1)
(2)
(3)
5. Workers and Unions (pp. 549–555) (Note: As you read this section, think of the similar industrial transformations going on today, where older skills are being rapidly replaced by computerized applications.)
a. Postwar industrialization changed the nature of work from small units and farms to the regimented factory. This increased real wages, but the income gap between rich and poor was widening at an alarming rate. Unions tried to balance the power of big employers to hire and fire at will and to control working conditions. The _________ of Labor, organized in 18___ under the leadership of Terence V. ___________, was an all-inclusive union, meaning it accepted skilled and unskilled, minorities and whites, women and men. What do the authors say caused this union to lose influence after the violent incident in Chicago’s ___________ Square in 18___?
b. The “elitist” ___________ Federation of Labor (AF of L), organized in 18___, was headed by Samuel __________. How did the conservative AF of L differ from the Knights of Labor in each of the following:
(1) Membership:
(2) Philosophy:
6. Urbanization (pp. 557–560) This section highlights some of the post–Civil War trends that helped transform rural America into a country that would be much more familiar to us today. Looking at the chart on p. 559, you can see that city-dwellers constituted only ____ percent of the population in 1790. By 1900, that had risen to _____ percent (about half of the 1990 figure of _____ percent). Improved agricultural productivity helped feed the urban population. It also forced European and American farmers off the land and into the cities looking for industrial jobs. Cities could grow upwards because of the ___________ (means for moving people up) and the steel-framed skyscraper made popular by Chicago architect Louis _____________. Commuting to the suburbs became possible because of mass transit improvements such as the electric ___________. The city offered attractions such as electric light, indoor plumbing, _____________ (the new communications device), and shopping at department stores. On the other hand, list a few of the disadvantages of primitive city life:
7. The “New” Immigration (pp. 561–571) a. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the “new” and “old” immigration.
(1) Old (1840s–1880s):
(2) New (1880s–1920s):
b. *** Can you make any general conclusions about immigration from the chart on p. 561?
c. Though America accepted large numbers of immigrants, the government provided virtually no social or economic services to these immigrants. How and why did the urban political machines (such as “Boss” Tweed in New York) provide many of these services?
d. The authors say that the “social gospel,” as advocated by ministers like Walter ___________________, tried to get the churches involved in solving the new urban problems. They also mention the name of Jane __________ of Chicago as a central person in bringing mostly middle-class women into the new occupation of social work and founding the first American “settlement house” called ________ House. What connection do the authors make between this movement and the changing roles of women?
e. What was the significance of the immigration law passed in 1882?
8. Religion and Education (pp. 571–573) Many churches became more secular in the face of an increasingly materialistic culture. The new immigration drastically expanded the ____________ and __________ faiths and new varieties emerged, including the __________ Army and the Christian __________ Church. Finally this section covers the important explosion of public and private schools (including parochial schools for the new Catholic immigrants).
9. African-Americans react to “Jim Crow” (pp. 573–575) a. By 1900, the day-to-day plight of blacks was little better than it had been under slavery. Summarize the views of these two leaders on the subject of black advancement. *** Under conditions prevailing at the time, which of these would you have supported and why?
(1) Booker T. Washington:
(2) W. E. B. DuBois:
(3) Your view:
10. Universities, Press, and Literature (pp. 575–581) Expansion of public universities was boosted by passage of the __________ Act of 1862 granting land for this purpose, and “robber barons” such as Leland __________ used their wealth to found many private universities. Andrew _________ funded the expansion of public libraries and the circulation of newspapers increased, notably with the competition between “yellow journalists” Joseph __________ and William Randolph __________. Of the extensive list of quality writers and authors discussed at the end of this section, pick three that you like and list a few of their characteristics. *** Have you read anything by any of them?
(1)
(2)
(3)
11. Moral Values and Women’s Rights (pp. 581–585) a. The new urban environment sparked debate over changing sexual attitudes and the role of women in the family. A new generation of women activists formed the National American Women’s ____________ Association in 18___. What were the differing arguments of the following two leaders in favor of women’s suffrage? *** Then put a (W) by the leader whose argument seems to you to be most similar to that of Booker T. Washington, and a (D) by the one whose argument you can connect to that of W. E. B. DuBois.
____ 1. Charlotte Perkins Gilman:
____ 2. Carrie Chapman Catt:
12. Reform, Art, and Culture (pp. 585–589) Women, most notably the colorful Carrie A. ________, led the fight against excessive drinking (mostly by men!), forming the Woman’s ____________ ______________ Association in 1874. Artists of the period included James _________ and Winslow __________. Popular music blossomed, including uniquely American forms of blues, ragtime, and jazz. The biggest world’s fair ever, the Great __________ Exposition, was held in __________ in 1893. And urban Americans had the time and money for new popular amusements such as the circus and spectator sports such as baseball, football, and boxing. *** After reading this chapter, reflect a bit on life at the end of the nineteenth century. Imagine growing up in this period and list one or two advantages and disadvantages compared to today.
(1) Advantages:
(2) Disadvantages:
13. Conquest of the Plains Indians (pp. 590–600) a. The intrusion of whites onto the Great Plains decimated native populations through disease and set tribes against each other in competition for ever-dwindling resources. The government tried to pacify the Indians by signing treaties with them—treating them as “sovereign” nations and forcing them onto reservations in exchange for material benefits. But these treaties assumed that Indians had basically European values. List the two basic white misunderstandings of Indian society and beliefs cited by the authors.
(1)
(2)
b. The treaties were violated on both sides, resulting in continuous warfare from the 1860s to the 1880s. For each of these tribes, list their geographic location, one prominent leader, and any other notes you think are interesting:
(1) Sioux:
(2) Nez Percé:
(3) Apache:
c. The authors attribute the “taming” of the Indians to the increased contact caused by the transcontinental railroad, to the spread of European diseases, and to the virtual extermination of the buffalo, of which there were approximately ____ million in 1865. Humanitarians wanted to treat the Indians kindly and help to “civilize” them, while the hard-liners wanted to keep squeezing and punishing them. “Humanitarians” pushed for passage of the _________ Severality Act of 18___. This act tried to integrate Indians into American culture. What were the provisions and results of this Act? *** What is your view of the “integration” effort? If not by integration, how was the Indian to survive in a world dominated by whites?
(1) Provisions:
(2) Results:
(3) Your view:
14. Western Economy (pp. 600–604) Mineral wealth, including the __________ Lode silver deposits in Nevada, played a major part in the western economy, as did cattle and farming. The railroads, particularly using new refrigerated cars, allowed cattle to reach the new meat-packing centers like Chicago and then be transported east. But the railroad brought out a wave of farmers and the _____________ Act of 1862 gave them free land to cultivate. (Remember the Jeffersonian idea that the country would be a better, more stable place if most people were small farmers?). But what worked in the East was less successful in the West because land roughly west of the 100th meridian was too dry to farm. When huge numbers of people abandoned their farms in the 1880s, the government again came to the rescue in the form of giant dams and irrigation projects to facilitate agriculture. *** How would you respond to a westerner who argued that the government should stay out of peoples’ lives and should leave the people free to go about their business without interference?
15. The Frontier Analyzed (pp. 604–608) With the 1889 land rush into previously Indian territory in _____________ and results of the census of 18____, it appeared to many that “a frontier line is no longer discernible.” In 1893, historian Frederick Jackson ___________ delivered his famous thesis that the pioneer experience (about to come to an end, he said) was the primary shaper of a distinctively American culture and set of values. Summarize the three arguments cited by the authors about the significance of the frontier in American history:
(1) a “safety valve”:
(2) a cultural meeting place:
(3) dominant role of government:
16. Farmers and Populist Sentiment (pp. 608–614) a. By mechanizing and specializing, farmers greatly increased their output in the late 1800s, but the high cost of doing so caused them to fall deeply into debt and they became more susceptible to the world price fluctuations of the few crops they were producing. Explain what the authors mean by the section heading entitled “Deflation Dooms the Debtor” on p. 609.
b. Notorious individualists, farmers (still representing _____ percent of the population) were being victimized by the railroads and by various middlemen, but they were slow to act collectively. However, in 1867 a rural grouping called the National ___________ (still active today) was formed, followed by the _____________ Labor party in the 1870s. This was succeeded in the 1880s by the cooperative Farmers’ _____________, which evolved into the grassroots People’s Party of the 1890s (better known as the ____________). List the four main elements of the Populist Party platform cited on page 613:
(1) (3)
(2) (4)
17. 1893 Depression (pp. 614–615) The economic crash of the early 1890s added industrial workers to the embittered farmers. Jacob S. _________ led a protest march of the unemployed in 1894. That same year, Eugene V. ______ led a crippling strike in ___________ against the __________ Palace Car Company, a strike put down by federal troops on the orders of President __________.
18. Watershed Election of 1896 (pp. 615–621) With the potential for class conflict (workers and farmers vs. the business class), the 1896 election loomed large. The Republicans nominated William _____________, whose campaign was managed and financed by the ruthless Marcus Alonzo _________. The Democrats went for the thunderous 36-year-old “Boy Orator” from the state of ____________, William Jennings _________, whose fiery “_________ of Gold” speech (calling for inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver) won over the convention. This left the Populists with a fateful choice. Even though the Democrats supported only one of their objectives (“free silver”), they decided to join with the Democrats in supporting Bryan in order to improve their chances of winning. When Bryan eventually lost to McKinley, the Populists had lost their identity for good and never recovered. On p. 619, the authors call the election of 1896 the “most significant political turning point” in over 30 years. Why? *** Can you draw any conclusions from this story?
Monday, March 5, 2012
Tuesday, February 14, 2012
Unit 6 Exam
Unit 6 Exam
Chapters 20-22
1. European powers favored a civil war in the United States because
[A] such a conflict would halt the flow of blacks to Canada.
[B] they could regain control of a divided America.
[C] two North American nations would have weaker economies than one.
[D] war would weaken the United States’ power in the Western Hemisphere.
[E] war could end the concept of balance of power in the Americas.
2. President Lincoln’s decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can best be characterized as
[A] cowardly.
[B] manipulative.
[C] cautious.
[D] ambiguous.
[E] belligerent.
3. Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that
[A] Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort.
[B] the fort’s commander was planning to evacuate his troops secretly from the fort.
[C] southern support for secession was weakening.
[D] Lincoln had ordered the fort reinforced with federal troops.
[E] Lincoln had called for seventy-five thousand militia troops to form a voluntary Union army.
4. Many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to leave the Union until
[A] John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry.
[B] South Carolina seceded from the United States.
[C] Robert E. Lee was named to head the potential new nation’s army.
[D] Virginia and Tennessee joined the seceding states.
[E] the South attacked Fort Sumter.
5. In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln
[A] used only totally legal methods.
[B] relied solely on moral appeal.
[C] guaranteed that they could keep slavery permanently.
[D] never had to use troops.
[E] declared martial law where needed.
6. The Border States offered all of the following advantages except
[A] shipbuilding facilities.
[B] large navigable rivers.
[C] a good supply of horses and mules.
[D] valuable manufacturing capacity.
[E] a large population.
7. Lincoln’s declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery
[A] caused some seceded states to rejoin the Union.
[B] came as a disappointment to most Northerners and demoralized the Union.
[C] revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies.
[D] cost him support in the “Butternut region” of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
[E] contradicted the campaign promises of the Republican party.
8. During the Civil War, most of the Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory of present-day Oklahoma
[A] gave up their slaves.
[B] sought admission as a Confederate state.
[C] supported the Confederacy.
[D] remained neutral.
[E] supported the Union.
9. In return for support from the Plains Indians during the Civil War, the Union
[A] allowed them to send delegates to Congress.
[B] waged war on them and herded them onto reservations.
[C] gave them land in California.
[D] made them scouts for the U.S. Army.
[E] increased their federal payments.
10. To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to
[A] fight the invading Union army to a draw.
[B] capture Washington, D.C.
[C] attract more talented military commanders.
[D] win a decisive military victory on its own soil.
[E] invade the Union.
11. As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have the advantage of
[A] superior industrial capabilities.
[B] superior transportation facilities.
[C] greater ability to wage offensive warfare.
[D] more talented military leaders.
[E] a more united public opinion.
12. The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its
[A] navy.
[B] economy.
[C] slave population.
[D] political system.
[E] military leadership.
13. The North’s greatest strength in the Civil War was its
[A] military leadership.
[B] navy.
[C] ethnic unity.
[D] high morale.
[E] economy.
14. Much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was due to
[A] profiteering by military suppliers.
[B] the fact that slaves abandoned the plantations.
[C] the Union’s naval blockade.
[D] the South’s rickety transportation system.
[E] poor agricultural production.
15. Northern soldiers eventually became known for their
[A] lack of proper training.
[B] cowardice in battle.
[C] discipline and determination.
[D] love of military pomp and hierarchy.
[E] high-pitched battle yell.
16. To find effective high-level commanders, the Union
[A] used trial and error.
[B] did not let politics enter the decision-making process.
[C] took only top graduates of West Point.
[D] drew on its reserve officer training program.
[E] relied on the advice of foreign experts.
17. A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was
[A] the fighting skill of Southern males.
[B] its belief that it was defending its way of life.
[C] its ability to fight on its own soil.
[D] intervention from Britain and France.
[E] effective military leadership.
18. One reason that the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War was that
[A] the British upper class had supported the North from the onset of hostilities.
[B] they did not want to fight against the superior American navy.
[C] the South resented British interference.
[D] they feared losing Northern grain shipments.
[E] the war caused no economic problems for Britain.
19. The South believed that the British would come to its aid because
[A] the people in Britain would demand such action.
[B] the government had refused to allow Uncle Tom’s Cabin to be sold in the empire.
[C] Britain still had slavery in its empire.
[D] Britain was dependent on Southern cotton.
[E] British Canada was strongly hostile to the Union.
20. During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by
[A] Britain’s refusal to observe the Union’s blockade of Southern ports.
[B] the incompetence of Charles Francis Adams, the United States ambassador to London.
[C] the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.
[D] Napoleon III’s effort to place Maximilian on the Mexican throne.
[E] British working class support for the South.
21. During the Civil War, diplomacy for the Union and the Confederacy
[A] was important for the Confederacy but not for the Union.
[B] was critical for both.
[C] was important for the Union but not for the Confederacy.
[D] relied on international organizations.
[E] played only a small role.
22. Confederate commerce-raiders such as the Alabama
[A] proved effective against Union shipping.
[B] were of little value.
[C] operated mostly off the Atlantic coast.
[D] lasted less than a year.
[E] were supplied by the French.
23. The Confederacy’s most effective commerce-raider was the
[A] Virginia.
[B] Trent.
[C] Monitor.
[D] Merrimack.
[E] Alabama.
24. Napoleon III’s attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of
[A] the Rush-Bagot agreement.
[B] the Monroe Doctrine.
[C] Spanish sovereignty.
[D] Pan-American treaties.
[E] French neutrality.
25. France abandoned its attempt to control Mexico
[A] when the British pressured them to leave.
[B] because the effort proved to be unprofitable.
[C] when the American Civil War began.
[D] because the United States threatened to send soldiers to force France to leave.
[E] because the Mexicans declared independence.
26. During the Civil War,
[A] the British army in Canada mobilized for intervention.
[B] France made an effort to regain control of Canada.
[C] relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor.
[D] the Union and Canada became very close allies.
[E] Southerners were unable to use Canada as a base from which to attack the Union.
27. The Southern cause was weakened by
[A] the failure of the Southern people to commit to the ideal of Southern independence.
[B] the constant threat of slave rebellion.
[C] the concept of states’ rights that the Confederacy professed.
[D] a lack of sound military leadership.
[E] a president, Jefferson Davis, who catered to public opinion and did not work hard at his job.
28. As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis
[A] developed a good relationship with his congress.
[B] effectively articulated southern ideals.
[C] enjoyed real personal popularity despite the South’s loss.
[D] defied rather than led public opinion.
[E] was a poor administrator.
29. The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less prostrating than those experienced by Jefferson Davis partly because the North
[A] had strong political support from Britain and France.
[B] had fewer internal political divisions.
[C] had a long-established and fully recognized government.
[D] held firm to states’ rights principles.
[E] was united in the cause of abolitionism.
30. As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because
[A] he did not believe in strong executive action.
[B] Lee’s insistence on keeping his army out of politics.
[C] there was such strong agreement on policy in the South.
[D] of the South’s emphasis on states’ rights.
[E] all of these.
31. To fill the army’s demand for troops, the North relied mainly on
[A] bounty brokers.
[B] the draft.
[C] substitute brokers.
[D] volunteers.
[E] all of these.
32. The Union’s establishment of the National Banking System
[A] was the first significant step toward a unified banking network since 1836.
[B] led to the issuance of depreciated paper money.
[C] resulted in the reestablishment of the Bank of the United States.
[D] established the gold standard in the U.S.
[E] lasted only during the Civil War.
33. During the Civil War, the Union
[A] experienced runaway inflation.
[B] was plagued by unstable banks.
[C] lowered tariff rates.
[D] imposed a 10 percent levy on farm produce.
[E] launched a new national banking system.
34. As a result of the Civil War, the Northern economy
[A] greatly benefited ordinary workers.
[B] became dependent on international trade.
[C] emerged more prosperous than ever before.
[D] saw unscrupulous business practices dramatically reduced.
[E] saw industrial profits improve but agricultural profits fall.
35. The only major Northern industry that suffered economic reversal during the Civil War was
[A] foreign shipping.
[B] wheat farming.
[C] textile manufacturing.
[D] the petroleum industry.
[E] iron manufacturing.
36. During the Civil War, women in the North
[A] worked on farms but not in cities.
[B] had new opportunities opened to them in industry.
[C] agitated for the vote.
[D] saw their numbers in the manufacturing force greatly reduced.
[E] generally played a small role.
37. At the beginning of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln favored
[A] ending slavery.
[B] quick military action to show the folly of secession.
[C] postponing military action as long as possible.
[D] long-term enlistments for Union soldiers.
[E] seizing control of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
38. Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would
[A] lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond.
[B] pull the Border states out of the Confederacy.
[C] destroy the economy of the South.
[D] bring an end to slavery.
[E] all of these.
39. Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) the Battle of Bull Run, (B) the Battle of Gettysburg, (C) Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, (D) the Battle of Antietam.
[A] C, A, D, B
[B] D, B, C, A
[C] A, D, B, C
[D] A, B, D, C
[E] B, C, A,
40. The South’s victory at Bull Run in 1861
[A] forced Lincoln to flee Washington.
[B] demonstrated how difficult Confederate independence would be.
[C] reduced enlistments in the South’s army.
[D] reduced the number of Confederate deserters.
[E] convinced the South of the need to prepare for a protracted conflict.
41. In the Civil War, the South won the battle of
[A] Vicksburg.
[B] Lookout Mountain.
[C] Gettysburg.
[D] Bull Run.
[E] Atlanta.
42. The Union’s defeat in battle at Bull Run in 1861 was better than a victory because
[A] “Stonewall” Jackson was killed.
[B] Ulysses S. Grant took command of the army immediately after the setback.
[C] it caused Lincoln to declare a war against slavery.
[D] the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war.
[E] all of these.
43. George B. McClellan is best described as
[A] a great strategist.
[B] aggressive.
[C] not very intelligent.
[D] disliked by his own men.
[E] cautious.
44. After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General George McClellan made the mistake of
[A] taking too many risks.
[B] not drilling his troops enough to prepare them for battle.
[C] being unconcerned about the morale of his troops.
[D] consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him.
[E] relying on Lincoln’s military judgment.
45. As a result of the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign,
[A] the North backed away from total war.
[B] Lincoln named George McClellan commander of the Union forces.
[C] Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation.
[D] Winfield Scott was relieved of his command.
[E] the war was forced off southern soil.
46. After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except
[A] bypassing the Confederate capital at Richmond.
[B] liberating the slaves.
[C] marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas.
[D] cutting the Confederacy in half.
[E] blockading the Confederacy’s coastline.
47. As a result of the Confederate victory in the Peninsula Campaign,
[A] Lincoln delayed his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
[B] Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant as commander of the Union forces.
[C] the Union turned to a strategy of total war.
[D] Lincoln abandoned the war in the West.
[E] Robert E. Lee was named to command the entire Southern army.
48. The final Union war strategy included all the following components except
[A] capturing Richmond.
[B] guerrilla warfare.
[C] a naval blockade.
[D] undermining the Confederate economy.
[E] seizing control of the Mississippi River.
49. Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because
[A] profits were not high enough to justify the risk.
[B] it would have been useless to try to run the blockade.
[C] the British government clearly supported the Union.
[D] Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war.
[E] the blockade did not cut off cotton shipments.
50. The most alarming Confederate threat to the Union blockade came from
[A] swift blockade-running steamers.
[B] British navy vessels on loan to the South.
[C] the sinking of the Union’s Monitor.
[D] the threat of mutiny from pro-southern sailors.
[E] the ironclad Merrimack.
51. The Confederate blockade runner, the Merrimack, was
[A] able to escape to British ports.
[B] destroyed by Union troops.
[C] destroyed by Confederate soldiers.
[D] captured and used by Union troops.
[E] none of these.
52. After halting Lee’s troops at Antietam, General George McClellan
[A] was removed from his field command.
[B] retired from the military.
[C] was appointed to command the main Western army.
[D] marched his army toward Atlanta.
[E] moved to confront Lee again at Gettysburg.
53. One of the key developments enabling the Union to stop the Confederate thrust into the North at Antietam was
[A] the death of Stonewall Jackson during the battle.
[B] Europe’s refusal to help the South before the battle.
[C] the use of the new repeating rifle for the first time.
[D] Lincoln’s removal of General McClellan from his command.
[E] the Union’s discovery of Robert E. Lee’s battle plans.
54. The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil were
[A] Peninsula Campaign and Fredericksburg.
[B] Gettysburg and Antietam.
[C] Mobile and Missionary Ridge.
[D] Bull Run and Vicksburg.
[E] Shiloh and Chancellorsville.
55. The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it
[A] ended Lee’s plan of invading the North.
[B] ensured the reelection of President Lincoln.
[C] inflated an already dangerous overconfidence among Southerners.
[D] delayed Lincoln’s plan to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.
[E] probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.
56. The North’s “victory” at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to
[A] issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
[B] keep General McClellan as commander of the Union forces.
[C] force the Border States to remain in the Union.
[D] seek military assistance from Great Britain.
[E] suppress Copperhead opposition in the North.
57. Slavery was legally abolished in the United States by the
[A] surrender terms of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox.
[B] Emancipation Proclamation.
[C] Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
[D] Union victory over the Confederates at Gettysburg.
[E] statutes of the individual states.
58. The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of
[A] weakening Confederate morale.
[B] strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.
[C] increasing popular support for the Republicans in the 1864 election.
[D] quieting public opposition to Lincoln’s war policies.
[E] reducing desertions from the Union army.
59. When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves in
[A] the Border States.
[B] United States territories.
[C] areas controlled by the Union army.
[D] slave states that remained loyal to the Union.
[E] states still in rebellion against the United States
60. All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation except
[A] complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough.
[B] heavy congressional defeats for Lincoln’s administration.
[C] the disappearance of European working-class support for the Union.
[D] mounting opposition in the North to an “abolition war.”
[E] sharp increases in Union desertions.
61. During the Civil War
[A] Southern armies found no way of utilizing slave labor.
[B] thousands of slaves rose in armed rebellion behind Southern lines.
[C] about one out of every four Union troops was black.
[D] blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
[E] captured black soldiers were treated well by Confederates.
.
62. African-Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War
[A] saw little actual combat.
[B] served mainly as supply personnel.
[C] accounted for less than 1 percent of total Union enlistments.
[D] refused to serve under white officers.
[E] served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties.
63. The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army
[A] in recognition that the idea of slavery was wrong.
[B] a month before the war ended.
[C] to help in the attack on Gettysburg.
[D] at the beginning of the war.
[E] as a response to the Emancipation Proclamation.
64. Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North through Pennsylvania in order to
[A] seize Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
[B] cut Northern supply lines.
[C] force the Union to ease its blockade of the South.
[D] deliver a decisive blow that would strengthen the Northern peace movement.
[E] stir northern draft resisters to rise in revolt.
65. The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because
[A] it guaranteed Lincoln’s re-election in 1864.
[B] the war ended shortly thereafter.
[C] it was decided so quickly.
[D] the Union had uncovered the Confederates’ battle plans wrapped around cigars.
[E] Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed.
66. The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance because
[A] it cut off the supply of cattle and other goods from Texas and Louisiana.
[B] it reopened the Mississippi River to Northern trade.
[C] it helped to quell Northern peace agitation.
[D] coupled with the victory at Gettysburg, foreign help for the Confederacy was irretrievably lost.
[E] all of these.
67. One consequence of General William T. Sherman’s style of warfare was
[A] a shorter war that saved lives.
[B] the loss of more lives.
[C] southern resignation to defeat.
[D] fewer desertions on the Confederate side.
[E] a longer war.
68. The group in the North most dangerous to the Union cause was the
[A] Northern Peace Democrats.
[B] Northern War Democrats.
[C] Radical Republicans.
[D] African-Americans.
[E] Union Party.
69. Clement L. Vallandigham, a Southern sympathizer and vocal opponent of the war, was derisively labeled a
[A] Carpetbagger.
[B] Prince of Jesters.
[C] Contraband.
[D] Doughface.
[E] Copperhead.
70. In the election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the prowar Democrats and founded the __________ party.
[A] National
[B] Union
[C] Progressive
[D] Liberty
[E] Federal
71. In the 1864 election, Abraham Lincoln’s running mate was
[A] Wendell Phillips.
[B] Stephen A. Douglas.
[C] Salmon P. Chase.
[D] Andrew Johnson.
[E] William Tecumseh Sherman.
72. In the l864 election, the Democratic party nominated __________ to oppose Lincoln’s reelection.
[A] Ulysses S. Grant
[B] Clement C. Vallandigham
[C] George McClellan
[D] Andrew Johnson
[E] Horace Greeley
73. The Union army’s victory in the capture of __________ was probably critical to Lincoln’s reelection in 1864.
[A] Richmond
[B] Atlanta
[C] Vicksburg
[D] Gettysburg
[E] Antietam
74. General Ulysses S. Grant’s basic strategy in the Civil War involved
[A] assailing the enemy’s armies simultaneously and directly.
[B] attacking the enemy one army at a time.
[C] surrounding enemy armies for a long siege.
[D] extensive use of interior line defense.
[E] striking tactically from the flanks.
75. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln
[A] saved him from possible impeachment.
[B] benefited the South.
[C] brought an abolitionist to the White House.
[D] had little effect on Reconstruction.
[E] was a calamity for the South.
76. The supreme test of American democracy in the nineteenth century was
[A] the Revolution.
[B] the War of 1812.
[C] surviving the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
[D] the Civil War.
[E] helping Britain to pass the Reform Bill of 1867.
77. The Civil War resulted in which of the following?
[A] expanded federal powers of taxation
[B] the end of slavery
[C] the creation of the first federal social welfare agency
[D] the end of nullification and secession
[E] all of these
78. The fate of the Confederate leaders after 1865 was that
[A] all were eventually pardoned.
[B] none was ever allowed to hold political office again.
[C] several went into exile in Brazil.
[D] several were executed for treason.
[E] most were jailed for an extended period of time.
79. In the postwar South
[A] the economy was utterly devastated.
[B] the much-feared inflation never materialized.
[C] the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequence.
[D] industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourish.
[E] poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery.
80. At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners
[A] reluctantly supported the federal government.
[B] asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote.
[C] still believed that their view of secession was correct.
[D] accepted the fact, however reluctantly, that the war was wrong.
[E] saw their former slaves in a new light.
81. Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War
[A] enabled large numbers to move to the big cities in the North.
[B] came haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy.
[C] was a source of considerable anxiety.
[D] came with relative ease.
[E] was achieved without the use of Union soldiers.
82. For blacks, emancipation meant all of the following except
[A] the ability to search for lost family.
[B] the opportunity to form their own churches.
[C] the opportunity for an education.
[D] the right to get married.
[E] that large numbers would move north.
83. In 1865, Southern
[A] whites quickly admitted they had been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independence.
[B] whites rapidly emancipated their slaves.
[C] blacks looked to the federal government for help.
[D] blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity.
[E] blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters.
84. The “Exodusters” westward move to Kansas faltered when
[A] they failed to receive the promised homesteads.
[B] the Fifteenth Amendment was passed.
[C] they began migrating North.
[D] steamboat captains refused to transport them across the Mississippi.
[E] none of these.
85. The greatest achievements of the Freedmen’s Bureau were in
[A] its distribution of land.
[B] all of these.
[C] helping people to find employment.
[D] education.
[E] the provision of food and clothing.
86. The white South viewed the Freedmen’s Bureau as
[A] a valued partner in rebuilding the South.
[B] more helpful in the North than the South.
[C] an agency acceptable only because it also helped poor whites.
[D] a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance.
[E] a threat to state social service agencies.
87. In President Andrew Johnson’s view, the Freedmen’s Bureau was
[A] a valuable agency.
[B] acceptable only because it also helped poor whites.
[C] an agency that should be killed.
[D] a potential source of Republican patronage jobs.
[E] supported by neither Northerners nor Southerners.
88. As vice president, Andrew Johnson
[A] was known for his ignorance.
[B] advocated states’ rights.
[C] championed a strong federal government.
[D] had been insubordinate to President Lincoln.
[E] was known as a heavy drinker.
89. As a politician, Andrew Johnson developed a reputation as
[A] a supporter of the planter aristocrats.
[B] a secret Confederate sympathizer.
[C] a champion of the poor whites.
[D] a poor public speaker.
[E] an opponent of slavery.
90. The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated
[A] President Lincoln’s desire for a harsh reconstruction plan.
[B] that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the Union.
[C] the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress.
[D] the Republicans’ fear of re-admitting Confederate leaders to Congress.
[E] the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the Democrats.
91. In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised
[A] former slaves the right to vote.
[B] severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders.
[C] rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union.
[D] a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote.
[E] the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power.
92. That the Southern states were “conquered provinces” and therefore at the mercy of Congress for readmission to the Union was the view of
[A] the Supreme Court.
[B] President Johnson.
[C] War Democrats.
[D] congressional Republicans.
[E] President Lincoln.
93. President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction
[A] guaranteed former slaves the right to vote.
[B] established literacy tests for voting in the South.
[C] differed radically from Lincoln’s.
[D] took away the right to vote from Confederate leaders and wealthy planters.
[E] required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
94. The main purpose of the Black Codes was to
[A] ensure a stable labor supply.
[B] prevent blacks from becoming sharecroppers.
[C] guarantee freedom for the blacks.
[D] create a system of justice for ex-slaves.
[E] allow blacks to marry.
95. The Black Codes provided for all of the following except
[A] punishment of blacks for idleness.
[B] voting by blacks.
[C] fines for blacks who jumped labor contracts.
[D] a ban on jury service by blacks.
[E] a bar on blacks from renting land.
96. To many Northerners, the Black Codes seemed to indicate that
[A] the transition to black freedom would be difficult.
[B] presidential Reconstruction was working.
[C] the Civil War had been worth the sacrifice.
[D] possibly the North had not really won the Civil War.
[E] the rights of blacks were being protected.
97. For congressional Republicans, one of the most troubling aspects of the Southern states’ restoration to the Union was that
[A] inexperienced Southern politicians would be elected.
[B] blacks might actually gain election to the U.S. Congress.
[C] the South would be stronger than ever in national politics.
[D] slavery might be re-established.
[E] a high tariff might be reinstituted.
98. The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was
[A] Johnson’s veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau.
[B] the South’s regaining control of the Senate.
[C] the attempt to pass the Fourteenth Amendment.
[D] the creation of the sharecropping system.
[E] passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.
99. The first ex-Confederate state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and thus be readmitted to the Union under congressional Reconstruction was
[A] Louisiana.
[B] Tennessee.
[C] Virginia.
[D] West Virginia.
[E] Arkansas.
100. The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed
[A] land for former slaves.
[B] education to former slaves.
[C] freed slaves the right to vote.
[D] citizenship to freed slaves.
[E] freedom to slaves.
Chapters 20-22
1. European powers favored a civil war in the United States because
[A] such a conflict would halt the flow of blacks to Canada.
[B] they could regain control of a divided America.
[C] two North American nations would have weaker economies than one.
[D] war would weaken the United States’ power in the Western Hemisphere.
[E] war could end the concept of balance of power in the Americas.
2. President Lincoln’s decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can best be characterized as
[A] cowardly.
[B] manipulative.
[C] cautious.
[D] ambiguous.
[E] belligerent.
3. Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that
[A] Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort.
[B] the fort’s commander was planning to evacuate his troops secretly from the fort.
[C] southern support for secession was weakening.
[D] Lincoln had ordered the fort reinforced with federal troops.
[E] Lincoln had called for seventy-five thousand militia troops to form a voluntary Union army.
4. Many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to leave the Union until
[A] John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry.
[B] South Carolina seceded from the United States.
[C] Robert E. Lee was named to head the potential new nation’s army.
[D] Virginia and Tennessee joined the seceding states.
[E] the South attacked Fort Sumter.
5. In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln
[A] used only totally legal methods.
[B] relied solely on moral appeal.
[C] guaranteed that they could keep slavery permanently.
[D] never had to use troops.
[E] declared martial law where needed.
6. The Border States offered all of the following advantages except
[A] shipbuilding facilities.
[B] large navigable rivers.
[C] a good supply of horses and mules.
[D] valuable manufacturing capacity.
[E] a large population.
7. Lincoln’s declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery
[A] caused some seceded states to rejoin the Union.
[B] came as a disappointment to most Northerners and demoralized the Union.
[C] revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies.
[D] cost him support in the “Butternut region” of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
[E] contradicted the campaign promises of the Republican party.
8. During the Civil War, most of the Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory of present-day Oklahoma
[A] gave up their slaves.
[B] sought admission as a Confederate state.
[C] supported the Confederacy.
[D] remained neutral.
[E] supported the Union.
9. In return for support from the Plains Indians during the Civil War, the Union
[A] allowed them to send delegates to Congress.
[B] waged war on them and herded them onto reservations.
[C] gave them land in California.
[D] made them scouts for the U.S. Army.
[E] increased their federal payments.
10. To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to
[A] fight the invading Union army to a draw.
[B] capture Washington, D.C.
[C] attract more talented military commanders.
[D] win a decisive military victory on its own soil.
[E] invade the Union.
11. As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have the advantage of
[A] superior industrial capabilities.
[B] superior transportation facilities.
[C] greater ability to wage offensive warfare.
[D] more talented military leaders.
[E] a more united public opinion.
12. The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its
[A] navy.
[B] economy.
[C] slave population.
[D] political system.
[E] military leadership.
13. The North’s greatest strength in the Civil War was its
[A] military leadership.
[B] navy.
[C] ethnic unity.
[D] high morale.
[E] economy.
14. Much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was due to
[A] profiteering by military suppliers.
[B] the fact that slaves abandoned the plantations.
[C] the Union’s naval blockade.
[D] the South’s rickety transportation system.
[E] poor agricultural production.
15. Northern soldiers eventually became known for their
[A] lack of proper training.
[B] cowardice in battle.
[C] discipline and determination.
[D] love of military pomp and hierarchy.
[E] high-pitched battle yell.
16. To find effective high-level commanders, the Union
[A] used trial and error.
[B] did not let politics enter the decision-making process.
[C] took only top graduates of West Point.
[D] drew on its reserve officer training program.
[E] relied on the advice of foreign experts.
17. A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was
[A] the fighting skill of Southern males.
[B] its belief that it was defending its way of life.
[C] its ability to fight on its own soil.
[D] intervention from Britain and France.
[E] effective military leadership.
18. One reason that the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War was that
[A] the British upper class had supported the North from the onset of hostilities.
[B] they did not want to fight against the superior American navy.
[C] the South resented British interference.
[D] they feared losing Northern grain shipments.
[E] the war caused no economic problems for Britain.
19. The South believed that the British would come to its aid because
[A] the people in Britain would demand such action.
[B] the government had refused to allow Uncle Tom’s Cabin to be sold in the empire.
[C] Britain still had slavery in its empire.
[D] Britain was dependent on Southern cotton.
[E] British Canada was strongly hostile to the Union.
20. During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by
[A] Britain’s refusal to observe the Union’s blockade of Southern ports.
[B] the incompetence of Charles Francis Adams, the United States ambassador to London.
[C] the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.
[D] Napoleon III’s effort to place Maximilian on the Mexican throne.
[E] British working class support for the South.
21. During the Civil War, diplomacy for the Union and the Confederacy
[A] was important for the Confederacy but not for the Union.
[B] was critical for both.
[C] was important for the Union but not for the Confederacy.
[D] relied on international organizations.
[E] played only a small role.
22. Confederate commerce-raiders such as the Alabama
[A] proved effective against Union shipping.
[B] were of little value.
[C] operated mostly off the Atlantic coast.
[D] lasted less than a year.
[E] were supplied by the French.
23. The Confederacy’s most effective commerce-raider was the
[A] Virginia.
[B] Trent.
[C] Monitor.
[D] Merrimack.
[E] Alabama.
24. Napoleon III’s attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of
[A] the Rush-Bagot agreement.
[B] the Monroe Doctrine.
[C] Spanish sovereignty.
[D] Pan-American treaties.
[E] French neutrality.
25. France abandoned its attempt to control Mexico
[A] when the British pressured them to leave.
[B] because the effort proved to be unprofitable.
[C] when the American Civil War began.
[D] because the United States threatened to send soldiers to force France to leave.
[E] because the Mexicans declared independence.
26. During the Civil War,
[A] the British army in Canada mobilized for intervention.
[B] France made an effort to regain control of Canada.
[C] relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor.
[D] the Union and Canada became very close allies.
[E] Southerners were unable to use Canada as a base from which to attack the Union.
27. The Southern cause was weakened by
[A] the failure of the Southern people to commit to the ideal of Southern independence.
[B] the constant threat of slave rebellion.
[C] the concept of states’ rights that the Confederacy professed.
[D] a lack of sound military leadership.
[E] a president, Jefferson Davis, who catered to public opinion and did not work hard at his job.
28. As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis
[A] developed a good relationship with his congress.
[B] effectively articulated southern ideals.
[C] enjoyed real personal popularity despite the South’s loss.
[D] defied rather than led public opinion.
[E] was a poor administrator.
29. The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less prostrating than those experienced by Jefferson Davis partly because the North
[A] had strong political support from Britain and France.
[B] had fewer internal political divisions.
[C] had a long-established and fully recognized government.
[D] held firm to states’ rights principles.
[E] was united in the cause of abolitionism.
30. As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because
[A] he did not believe in strong executive action.
[B] Lee’s insistence on keeping his army out of politics.
[C] there was such strong agreement on policy in the South.
[D] of the South’s emphasis on states’ rights.
[E] all of these.
31. To fill the army’s demand for troops, the North relied mainly on
[A] bounty brokers.
[B] the draft.
[C] substitute brokers.
[D] volunteers.
[E] all of these.
32. The Union’s establishment of the National Banking System
[A] was the first significant step toward a unified banking network since 1836.
[B] led to the issuance of depreciated paper money.
[C] resulted in the reestablishment of the Bank of the United States.
[D] established the gold standard in the U.S.
[E] lasted only during the Civil War.
33. During the Civil War, the Union
[A] experienced runaway inflation.
[B] was plagued by unstable banks.
[C] lowered tariff rates.
[D] imposed a 10 percent levy on farm produce.
[E] launched a new national banking system.
34. As a result of the Civil War, the Northern economy
[A] greatly benefited ordinary workers.
[B] became dependent on international trade.
[C] emerged more prosperous than ever before.
[D] saw unscrupulous business practices dramatically reduced.
[E] saw industrial profits improve but agricultural profits fall.
35. The only major Northern industry that suffered economic reversal during the Civil War was
[A] foreign shipping.
[B] wheat farming.
[C] textile manufacturing.
[D] the petroleum industry.
[E] iron manufacturing.
36. During the Civil War, women in the North
[A] worked on farms but not in cities.
[B] had new opportunities opened to them in industry.
[C] agitated for the vote.
[D] saw their numbers in the manufacturing force greatly reduced.
[E] generally played a small role.
37. At the beginning of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln favored
[A] ending slavery.
[B] quick military action to show the folly of secession.
[C] postponing military action as long as possible.
[D] long-term enlistments for Union soldiers.
[E] seizing control of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
38. Lincoln hoped that a Union victory at Bull Run would
[A] lead to the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond.
[B] pull the Border states out of the Confederacy.
[C] destroy the economy of the South.
[D] bring an end to slavery.
[E] all of these.
39. Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) the Battle of Bull Run, (B) the Battle of Gettysburg, (C) Lee’s surrender at Appomattox, (D) the Battle of Antietam.
[A] C, A, D, B
[B] D, B, C, A
[C] A, D, B, C
[D] A, B, D, C
[E] B, C, A,
40. The South’s victory at Bull Run in 1861
[A] forced Lincoln to flee Washington.
[B] demonstrated how difficult Confederate independence would be.
[C] reduced enlistments in the South’s army.
[D] reduced the number of Confederate deserters.
[E] convinced the South of the need to prepare for a protracted conflict.
41. In the Civil War, the South won the battle of
[A] Vicksburg.
[B] Lookout Mountain.
[C] Gettysburg.
[D] Bull Run.
[E] Atlanta.
42. The Union’s defeat in battle at Bull Run in 1861 was better than a victory because
[A] “Stonewall” Jackson was killed.
[B] Ulysses S. Grant took command of the army immediately after the setback.
[C] it caused Lincoln to declare a war against slavery.
[D] the defeat caused Northerners to face up to the reality of a long, difficult war.
[E] all of these.
43. George B. McClellan is best described as
[A] a great strategist.
[B] aggressive.
[C] not very intelligent.
[D] disliked by his own men.
[E] cautious.
44. After assuming command of the Army of the Potomac, General George McClellan made the mistake of
[A] taking too many risks.
[B] not drilling his troops enough to prepare them for battle.
[C] being unconcerned about the morale of his troops.
[D] consistently believing that the enemy outnumbered him.
[E] relying on Lincoln’s military judgment.
45. As a result of the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign,
[A] the North backed away from total war.
[B] Lincoln named George McClellan commander of the Union forces.
[C] Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation.
[D] Winfield Scott was relieved of his command.
[E] the war was forced off southern soil.
46. After the Peninsula Campaign, Union strategy included all of the following except
[A] bypassing the Confederate capital at Richmond.
[B] liberating the slaves.
[C] marching through Georgia and then the Carolinas.
[D] cutting the Confederacy in half.
[E] blockading the Confederacy’s coastline.
47. As a result of the Confederate victory in the Peninsula Campaign,
[A] Lincoln delayed his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.
[B] Lincoln named Ulysses S. Grant as commander of the Union forces.
[C] the Union turned to a strategy of total war.
[D] Lincoln abandoned the war in the West.
[E] Robert E. Lee was named to command the entire Southern army.
48. The final Union war strategy included all the following components except
[A] capturing Richmond.
[B] guerrilla warfare.
[C] a naval blockade.
[D] undermining the Confederate economy.
[E] seizing control of the Mississippi River.
49. Britain did not protest too loudly against the Union naval blockade of the Confederacy because
[A] profits were not high enough to justify the risk.
[B] it would have been useless to try to run the blockade.
[C] the British government clearly supported the Union.
[D] Britain might want to use a similar blockade in a future war.
[E] the blockade did not cut off cotton shipments.
50. The most alarming Confederate threat to the Union blockade came from
[A] swift blockade-running steamers.
[B] British navy vessels on loan to the South.
[C] the sinking of the Union’s Monitor.
[D] the threat of mutiny from pro-southern sailors.
[E] the ironclad Merrimack.
51. The Confederate blockade runner, the Merrimack, was
[A] able to escape to British ports.
[B] destroyed by Union troops.
[C] destroyed by Confederate soldiers.
[D] captured and used by Union troops.
[E] none of these.
52. After halting Lee’s troops at Antietam, General George McClellan
[A] was removed from his field command.
[B] retired from the military.
[C] was appointed to command the main Western army.
[D] marched his army toward Atlanta.
[E] moved to confront Lee again at Gettysburg.
53. One of the key developments enabling the Union to stop the Confederate thrust into the North at Antietam was
[A] the death of Stonewall Jackson during the battle.
[B] Europe’s refusal to help the South before the battle.
[C] the use of the new repeating rifle for the first time.
[D] Lincoln’s removal of General McClellan from his command.
[E] the Union’s discovery of Robert E. Lee’s battle plans.
54. The two major battles of the Civil War fought on Union soil were
[A] Peninsula Campaign and Fredericksburg.
[B] Gettysburg and Antietam.
[C] Mobile and Missionary Ridge.
[D] Bull Run and Vicksburg.
[E] Shiloh and Chancellorsville.
55. The Battle of Antietam was particularly critical because it
[A] ended Lee’s plan of invading the North.
[B] ensured the reelection of President Lincoln.
[C] inflated an already dangerous overconfidence among Southerners.
[D] delayed Lincoln’s plan to announce the Emancipation Proclamation.
[E] probably prevented intervention by Britain and France on behalf of the Confederacy.
56. The North’s “victory” at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to
[A] issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
[B] keep General McClellan as commander of the Union forces.
[C] force the Border States to remain in the Union.
[D] seek military assistance from Great Britain.
[E] suppress Copperhead opposition in the North.
57. Slavery was legally abolished in the United States by the
[A] surrender terms of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox.
[B] Emancipation Proclamation.
[C] Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
[D] Union victory over the Confederates at Gettysburg.
[E] statutes of the individual states.
58. The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of
[A] weakening Confederate morale.
[B] strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.
[C] increasing popular support for the Republicans in the 1864 election.
[D] quieting public opposition to Lincoln’s war policies.
[E] reducing desertions from the Union army.
59. When it was issued in 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves in
[A] the Border States.
[B] United States territories.
[C] areas controlled by the Union army.
[D] slave states that remained loyal to the Union.
[E] states still in rebellion against the United States
60. All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation except
[A] complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough.
[B] heavy congressional defeats for Lincoln’s administration.
[C] the disappearance of European working-class support for the Union.
[D] mounting opposition in the North to an “abolition war.”
[E] sharp increases in Union desertions.
61. During the Civil War
[A] Southern armies found no way of utilizing slave labor.
[B] thousands of slaves rose in armed rebellion behind Southern lines.
[C] about one out of every four Union troops was black.
[D] blacks were enlisted by the Union army only after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued.
[E] captured black soldiers were treated well by Confederates.
.
62. African-Americans who fought for the Union Army in the Civil War
[A] saw little actual combat.
[B] served mainly as supply personnel.
[C] accounted for less than 1 percent of total Union enlistments.
[D] refused to serve under white officers.
[E] served bravely and suffered extremely heavy casualties.
63. The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army
[A] in recognition that the idea of slavery was wrong.
[B] a month before the war ended.
[C] to help in the attack on Gettysburg.
[D] at the beginning of the war.
[E] as a response to the Emancipation Proclamation.
64. Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North through Pennsylvania in order to
[A] seize Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
[B] cut Northern supply lines.
[C] force the Union to ease its blockade of the South.
[D] deliver a decisive blow that would strengthen the Northern peace movement.
[E] stir northern draft resisters to rise in revolt.
65. The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because
[A] it guaranteed Lincoln’s re-election in 1864.
[B] the war ended shortly thereafter.
[C] it was decided so quickly.
[D] the Union had uncovered the Confederates’ battle plans wrapped around cigars.
[E] Union victory meant that the Southern cause was doomed.
66. The Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance because
[A] it cut off the supply of cattle and other goods from Texas and Louisiana.
[B] it reopened the Mississippi River to Northern trade.
[C] it helped to quell Northern peace agitation.
[D] coupled with the victory at Gettysburg, foreign help for the Confederacy was irretrievably lost.
[E] all of these.
67. One consequence of General William T. Sherman’s style of warfare was
[A] a shorter war that saved lives.
[B] the loss of more lives.
[C] southern resignation to defeat.
[D] fewer desertions on the Confederate side.
[E] a longer war.
68. The group in the North most dangerous to the Union cause was the
[A] Northern Peace Democrats.
[B] Northern War Democrats.
[C] Radical Republicans.
[D] African-Americans.
[E] Union Party.
69. Clement L. Vallandigham, a Southern sympathizer and vocal opponent of the war, was derisively labeled a
[A] Carpetbagger.
[B] Prince of Jesters.
[C] Contraband.
[D] Doughface.
[E] Copperhead.
70. In the election of 1864, the Republicans joined with the prowar Democrats and founded the __________ party.
[A] National
[B] Union
[C] Progressive
[D] Liberty
[E] Federal
71. In the 1864 election, Abraham Lincoln’s running mate was
[A] Wendell Phillips.
[B] Stephen A. Douglas.
[C] Salmon P. Chase.
[D] Andrew Johnson.
[E] William Tecumseh Sherman.
72. In the l864 election, the Democratic party nominated __________ to oppose Lincoln’s reelection.
[A] Ulysses S. Grant
[B] Clement C. Vallandigham
[C] George McClellan
[D] Andrew Johnson
[E] Horace Greeley
73. The Union army’s victory in the capture of __________ was probably critical to Lincoln’s reelection in 1864.
[A] Richmond
[B] Atlanta
[C] Vicksburg
[D] Gettysburg
[E] Antietam
74. General Ulysses S. Grant’s basic strategy in the Civil War involved
[A] assailing the enemy’s armies simultaneously and directly.
[B] attacking the enemy one army at a time.
[C] surrounding enemy armies for a long siege.
[D] extensive use of interior line defense.
[E] striking tactically from the flanks.
75. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln
[A] saved him from possible impeachment.
[B] benefited the South.
[C] brought an abolitionist to the White House.
[D] had little effect on Reconstruction.
[E] was a calamity for the South.
76. The supreme test of American democracy in the nineteenth century was
[A] the Revolution.
[B] the War of 1812.
[C] surviving the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
[D] the Civil War.
[E] helping Britain to pass the Reform Bill of 1867.
77. The Civil War resulted in which of the following?
[A] expanded federal powers of taxation
[B] the end of slavery
[C] the creation of the first federal social welfare agency
[D] the end of nullification and secession
[E] all of these
78. The fate of the Confederate leaders after 1865 was that
[A] all were eventually pardoned.
[B] none was ever allowed to hold political office again.
[C] several went into exile in Brazil.
[D] several were executed for treason.
[E] most were jailed for an extended period of time.
79. In the postwar South
[A] the economy was utterly devastated.
[B] the much-feared inflation never materialized.
[C] the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequence.
[D] industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourish.
[E] poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery.
80. At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners
[A] reluctantly supported the federal government.
[B] asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote.
[C] still believed that their view of secession was correct.
[D] accepted the fact, however reluctantly, that the war was wrong.
[E] saw their former slaves in a new light.
81. Freedom for Southern blacks at the end of the Civil War
[A] enabled large numbers to move to the big cities in the North.
[B] came haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy.
[C] was a source of considerable anxiety.
[D] came with relative ease.
[E] was achieved without the use of Union soldiers.
82. For blacks, emancipation meant all of the following except
[A] the ability to search for lost family.
[B] the opportunity to form their own churches.
[C] the opportunity for an education.
[D] the right to get married.
[E] that large numbers would move north.
83. In 1865, Southern
[A] whites quickly admitted they had been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independence.
[B] whites rapidly emancipated their slaves.
[C] blacks looked to the federal government for help.
[D] blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity.
[E] blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters.
84. The “Exodusters” westward move to Kansas faltered when
[A] they failed to receive the promised homesteads.
[B] the Fifteenth Amendment was passed.
[C] they began migrating North.
[D] steamboat captains refused to transport them across the Mississippi.
[E] none of these.
85. The greatest achievements of the Freedmen’s Bureau were in
[A] its distribution of land.
[B] all of these.
[C] helping people to find employment.
[D] education.
[E] the provision of food and clothing.
86. The white South viewed the Freedmen’s Bureau as
[A] a valued partner in rebuilding the South.
[B] more helpful in the North than the South.
[C] an agency acceptable only because it also helped poor whites.
[D] a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance.
[E] a threat to state social service agencies.
87. In President Andrew Johnson’s view, the Freedmen’s Bureau was
[A] a valuable agency.
[B] acceptable only because it also helped poor whites.
[C] an agency that should be killed.
[D] a potential source of Republican patronage jobs.
[E] supported by neither Northerners nor Southerners.
88. As vice president, Andrew Johnson
[A] was known for his ignorance.
[B] advocated states’ rights.
[C] championed a strong federal government.
[D] had been insubordinate to President Lincoln.
[E] was known as a heavy drinker.
89. As a politician, Andrew Johnson developed a reputation as
[A] a supporter of the planter aristocrats.
[B] a secret Confederate sympathizer.
[C] a champion of the poor whites.
[D] a poor public speaker.
[E] an opponent of slavery.
90. The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated
[A] President Lincoln’s desire for a harsh reconstruction plan.
[B] that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the Union.
[C] the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress.
[D] the Republicans’ fear of re-admitting Confederate leaders to Congress.
[E] the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the Democrats.
91. In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised
[A] former slaves the right to vote.
[B] severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders.
[C] rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union.
[D] a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote.
[E] the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power.
92. That the Southern states were “conquered provinces” and therefore at the mercy of Congress for readmission to the Union was the view of
[A] the Supreme Court.
[B] President Johnson.
[C] War Democrats.
[D] congressional Republicans.
[E] President Lincoln.
93. President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction
[A] guaranteed former slaves the right to vote.
[B] established literacy tests for voting in the South.
[C] differed radically from Lincoln’s.
[D] took away the right to vote from Confederate leaders and wealthy planters.
[E] required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
94. The main purpose of the Black Codes was to
[A] ensure a stable labor supply.
[B] prevent blacks from becoming sharecroppers.
[C] guarantee freedom for the blacks.
[D] create a system of justice for ex-slaves.
[E] allow blacks to marry.
95. The Black Codes provided for all of the following except
[A] punishment of blacks for idleness.
[B] voting by blacks.
[C] fines for blacks who jumped labor contracts.
[D] a ban on jury service by blacks.
[E] a bar on blacks from renting land.
96. To many Northerners, the Black Codes seemed to indicate that
[A] the transition to black freedom would be difficult.
[B] presidential Reconstruction was working.
[C] the Civil War had been worth the sacrifice.
[D] possibly the North had not really won the Civil War.
[E] the rights of blacks were being protected.
97. For congressional Republicans, one of the most troubling aspects of the Southern states’ restoration to the Union was that
[A] inexperienced Southern politicians would be elected.
[B] blacks might actually gain election to the U.S. Congress.
[C] the South would be stronger than ever in national politics.
[D] slavery might be re-established.
[E] a high tariff might be reinstituted.
98. The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was
[A] Johnson’s veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen’s Bureau.
[B] the South’s regaining control of the Senate.
[C] the attempt to pass the Fourteenth Amendment.
[D] the creation of the sharecropping system.
[E] passage of the Thirteenth Amendment.
99. The first ex-Confederate state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and thus be readmitted to the Union under congressional Reconstruction was
[A] Louisiana.
[B] Tennessee.
[C] Virginia.
[D] West Virginia.
[E] Arkansas.
100. The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed
[A] land for former slaves.
[B] education to former slaves.
[C] freed slaves the right to vote.
[D] citizenship to freed slaves.
[E] freedom to slaves.
Wednesday, January 11, 2012
Chapter 16-19 Exam
APUSH EXAM
Chapters 16-19
Please write your answers on Notebook paper and have ready in class on Tuesday 1/17 for B day classes and Wednesday 1/18 for A day classes.
1. As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin,
[A] the African slave trade was legalized.
[B] fewer slaves were needed on the plantations.
[C] slavery was reinvigorated.
[D] Thomas Jefferson predicted the gradual death of slavery.
[E] short-staple cotton lost popularity.
2. Members of the planter aristocracy
[A] promoted tax-supported public education.
[B] produced fewer front-rank statesmen than the North.
[C] kept up with developments in modern thought.
[D] dominated society and politics in the South.
[E] provided democratic rule in the South.
3. Plantation agriculture
[A] discouraged immigration to the West.
[B] was economically unstable and wasteful.
[C] encouraged southern democracy.
[D] led to a slow return on investments.
[E] remained diverse until the Civil War.
4. The plantation system of the Cotton South was
[A] efficient at utilizing natural resources.
[B] attractive to European immigrants.
[C] financially stable.
[D] increasingly monopolistic.
[E] unable to expand westward.
5. All of the following were weaknesses of the slave plantation system except that
[A] it repelled a large-scale European immigration.
[B] it relied on a one-crop economy.
[C] it created an aristocratic political elite.
[D] its land continued to remain in the hands of the small farmers.
[E] it stimulated racism among poor whites.
6. As their main crop, southern subsistence farmers raised
[A] sugar cane.
[B] corn.
[C] rice.
[D] tobacco.
[E] cotton.
7. Most white southerners were
[A] small slaveowners.
[B] merchants and artisans.
[C] planter aristocrats.
[D] nonslaveowning subsistence farmers.
[E] “poor white trash.”
8. By the mid-nineteenth century,
[A] most southerners owned slaves.
[B] slavery was a dying institution.
[C] the smaller slaveholders owned a majority of the slaves.
[D] most slaves lived on large plantations.
[E] southerners were growing defensive about slavery.
9. Most slaves in the South were owned by
[A] mountain whites.
[B] small farmers.
[C] plantation owners.
[D] subsistence farmers.
[E] industrialists.
10. The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because
[A] they could not afford the purchase price.
[B] they opposed slavery.
[C] their urban location did not require them.
[D] their racism would not allow them to work alongside African-Americans.
[E] they feared the possibility of slave revolts.
11. Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of
[A] fleeing to mountain hideaways.
[B] the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807.
[C] purchase by northern abolitionists.
[D] the objection to slaveholding by some white women.
[E] purchasing their way out of slavery.
12. The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to
[A] reenslavement of free blacks.
[B] natural reproduction.
[C] the reopening of the African slave trade in 1808.
[D] the deliberate “breeding” of slaves by plantation owners.
[E] larger imports of slaves from the West Indies.
13. Northern attitudes toward free blacks can best be described as
[A] disliking the race but liking individual blacks.
[B] politically sympathetic but socially segregationist.
[C] supporting their right to full citizenship.
[D] advocating black movement into the new territories.
[E] very racist.
14. For free blacks living in the North,
[A] voting rights were widespread.
[B] education opened the door to economic opportunity.
[C] discrimination was common.
[D] good jobs were plentiful.
[E] living conditions were nearly equal to those for whites.
15. The profitable southern slave system
[A] saw many slaves moving to the upper South.
[B] led to the textile industry’s development in the South first.
[C] hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole.
[D] enabled the South to afford economic and educational progress.
[E] relied almost totally on importing slaves to meet the unquenchable demand for labor.
16. Regarding work assignments, slaves were
[A] given some of the most dangerous jobs.
[B] usually given skilled rather than menial jobs.
[C] generally supervised in small groups.
[D] generally spared dangerous work.
[E] given the same jobs as Irish laborers.
17. Perhaps the slave’s greatest horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was
[A] the breeding of slaves.
[B] having to do the most dangerous work on the plantation.
[C] slaveowners’ frequent use of the whip.
[D] forcible sexual assault by slaveowners.
[E] the enforced separation of slave families.
18. By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” located in the
[A] Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
[B] border states of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland.
[C] old South states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
[D] mountain regions of Tennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky.
[E] new Southwest states of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory.
19. As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used the
[A] whip as a motivator.
[B] incentive of free time for holidays.
[C] promise of eventual freedom.
[D] reward of some legal rights.
[E] right to hold private property.
20. Most slaves were raised
[A] knowing both African languages and English.
[B] without religion.
[C] without the benefit of a stable home life.
[D] never knowing anything about their relatives.
[E] in stable two-person households.
21. Slaves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways except by
[A] refusing to get an education.
[B] pilfering goods that their labor had produced.
[C] running away when possible.
[D] slowing down the work pace.
[E] sabotaging expensive equipment.
22. As a result of white southerners’ brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, the South
[A] adopted British attitudes toward the “peculiar institution.”
[B] emancipated many slaves.
[C] developed a theory of biological racial superiority.
[D] formed alliances with white imperialists in Africa.
[E] shed its image as a reactionary backwater.
23. In the pre-Civil War South, the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance was
[A] feigned laziness.
[B] running away.
[C] armed insurrection.
[D] stealing food and other goods.
[E] sabotage of plantation equipment.
24. The idea of transporting blacks back to Africa was
[A] the result of the widespread loathing of blacks in America.
[B] suggested by the African nation of Liberia.
[C] never carried out.
[D] proposed by William Lloyd Garrison.
[E] advocated by Frederick Douglass.
25. In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners
[A] were in opposition to the North but on the side of the Western world.
[B] failed to compare slaves with the northern factory worker.
[C] placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.
[D] aligned themselves with leading European intellectuals.
[E] allowed considerable dissent in the South.
26. The Whigs placed John Tyler on the 1840 ticket as vice president to
[A] win northern votes.
[B] reward him for his strong support of the Whig party platform.
[C] have him instead of President William Henry Harrison actually run the executive branch.
[D] respond to the Democrats’ expansionist appeal.
[E] attract the vote of the states’ rightists.
27. After President John Tyler’s veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the United States,
[A] he was expelled from the Whig party.
[B] Tyler also vetoed a Whig-sponsored high-tariff bill.
[C] an attempt was made in the House of Representatives to impeach him.
[D] all but one member of his cabinet resigned.
[E] all of these.
28. As a result of the panic of 1837,
[A] Britain lent money to America, its close ally.
[B] the Democrats led America into war for more territory.
[C] the U.S. established restrictions on foreign loans.
[D] anti-British passions cooled in America.
[E] several states defaulted on their debts to Britain.
29. The Aroostook War was the result of
[A] the offer of asylum to the crew of the Creole.
[B] the Caroline incident.
[C] a fishing dispute between Britain and the U.S.
[D] a short-lived insurrection in British Canada.
[E] a dispute over the northern boundary of Maine.
30. Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) annexation of Texas, (B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty, (C) settlement of the Oregon boundary, (D) Aroostook War.
[A] A, D, C, B
[B] B, D, C, A
[C] C, A, B, D
[D] D, B, A, C
[E] A, B, D, C
31. Some people in Britain hoped for a British alliance with Texas because
[A] the alliance would help to support the Monroe Doctrine.
[B] Texas could become a location for the settlement of undesirable British emigrants.
[C] this area would provide an excellent base from which to attack the United States.
[D] Mexican efforts to attack the United States would be stopped.
[E] the alliance would give abolitionists the opportunity to free slaves in Texas.
32. One argument against annexing Texas to the United States was that the annexation
[A] could involve the country in a series of ruinous wars in America and Europe.
[B] offered little of value to America.
[C] was not supported by the people of Texas.
[D] might give more power to the supporters of slavery.
[E] would lead to tensions and possible war with Mexico.
33. Texas was annexed to the United States as a result of
[A] President Tyler’s desire to help his troubled administration.
[B] Senate approval of the Treaty of Annexation.
[C] a compromise to admit free-state Iowa at the same time.
[D] a presidential order by Andrew Jackson.
[E] the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
34. Arrange in chronological order the United States’ acquisition of (A) Oregon, (B) Texas, (C) California.
[A] A, C, B
[B] C, B, A
[C] B, C, A
[D] B, A, C
[E] A, B, C
35. The primary group that was instrumental in strengthening and saving American claims to Oregon were
[A] Mormon settlers from Utah.
[B] the Hudson’s Bay Company.
[C] the Lewis and Clark expedition.
[D] U.S. naval forces in Puget Sound.
[E] American missionaries to the Indians.
36. Most Americans who migrated to the Oregon Country were attracted by the
[A] hope of finding a better trade route to East Asia.
[B] discovery of gold and silver in the Cascade Mountains.
[C] potential profits in the fur trade.
[D] expectation of fighting British troops.
[E] rich soil of the Willamette River Valley.
37. The nomination of James K. Polk as the Democrats’ 1844 presidential candidate was secured by
[A] Henry Clay.
[B] eastern business interests.
[C] proslavery forces.
[D] anti-Texas southerners.
[E] expansionists.
38. In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called
[A] continentalism.
[B] isolationism.
[C] anglophobia.
[D] Manifest Destiny.
[E] Divine Mandate.
39. In the presidential election of 1844, the Whig candidate, Henry Clay,
[A] ignored the issue of the annexation of Texas.
[B] favored dividing Texas into several states.
[C] opposed the annexation of Texas.
[D] called for immediate annexation of Texas.
[E] favored postponing the annexation of Texas.
40. The election of 1844 was notable because
[A] it was fought over numerous issues.
[B] it brought the slavery issue into politics.
[C] a genuine mandate emerged.
[D] Polk won the electoral vote but lost the popular vote.
[E] the campaign raised no real issues.
41. The group most supportive of gaining control of all the Oregon Country was the
[A] Californians.
[B] southern Democrats.
[C] Whigs.
[D] Protestant missionaries.
[E] northern Democrats.
42. In his quest for California, President James K. Polk
[A] argued strongly for annexation, because Americans were the most numerous people in the area.
[B] advocated war with Mexico from the beginning.
[C] first advocated buying the area from Mexico.
[D] sought British help to persuade Mexico to sell the area to the United States.
[E] was motivated by his knowledge of gold deposits there.
43. In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico for all of the following reasons except
[A] the ideology of Manifest Destiny.
[B] the impulse to satisfy those asking for “spot” resolutions.
[C] the deaths of American soldiers at the hands of Mexicans.
[D] the desire to gain payment for damage claims against the Mexican government.
[E] Polk’s desire to acquire California.
44. One goal of Mexico in its 1846-1848 war with the United States was to
[A] free black slaves.
[B] capture slaves and take them back to Mexico.
[C] regain control of Texas.
[D] force America to make good on unpaid claims of damages to Mexican citizens.
[E] demonstrate the strength of Latino culture.
45. When the war with Mexico began, President James K. Polk
[A] found that he could trust dethroned Mexican dictator Santa Anna.
[B] advocated taking all of Mexico.
[C] hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California.
[D] supported a large-scale conflict.
[E] denied any intention of expanding slavery.
46. The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the Mexican War included
[A] the banning of slavery from all territory ceded to the United States.
[B] United States annexation of Texas.
[C] a guarantee of the rights of Mexicans living in New Mexico.
[D] a requirement that Mexico pay $3.25 million in damages to the United States.
[E] United States payment of $15 million for the cession of northern Mexico.
47. Those people most opposed to President James K. Polk’s expansionist program were the
[A] western Democrats.
[B] proslavery Whigs.
[C] supporters of Nicholas P. Trist.
[D] Senate Democrats.
[E] antislavery forces.
48. The Wilmot Proviso
[A] settled once and for all the issue of slavery in California.
[B] gained House and Senate approval in 1846.
[C] symbolized the burning issue of slavery in the territories.
[D] left open the issue of slavery in New Mexico and Utah.
[E] allowed slavery in the territory taken from Mexico in 1848.
49. The largest single addition to American territory was
[A] the Old Northwest.
[B] Alaska.
[C] the Oregon Country.
[D] the Louisiana Purchase.
[E] the Mexican Cession.
50. The first Old World Europeans to come to California were
[A] Dutch.
[B] English.
[C] French.
[D] Russians.
[E] Spanish.
51. The Californios’ political ascendancy in California ended
[A] when agriculture became more profitable than mining.
[B] when Mexico gained control of the area in 1826.
[C] when the U.S. government made English mandatory.
[D] as a result of the influx of Anglo golddiggers.
[E] with the arrival of Franciscan friars.
52. In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, early-nineteenth-century politicians
[A] decided to allow slavery into all United States territories.
[B] avoided public discussion of slavery.
[C] decided to ban slavery from all United States territories.
[D] worked to make third parties almost impossible.
[E] banished abolitionists from membership in either national party.
53. The United States’ victory in the Mexican War resulted in
[A] renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories.
[B] a rush of settlers to new American territory in California.
[C] a possible split in the Whig and Democrat parties over slavery.
[D] the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the United States.
[E] all of these.
54. The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have
[A] required California to enter the Union as a slave state.
[B] prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War.
[C] prevented the taking of any territory from Mexico.
[D] overturned the Fugitive Slave Law.
[E] all of these.
55. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except
[A] free government homesteads for settlers.
[B] internal improvements.
[C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia.
[D] support of the Wilmot Proviso.
[E] opposition to slavery in the territories.
56. According to the principle of “popular sovereignty,” the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by
[A] the most popular national leaders.
[B] a Supreme Court decision.
[C] congressional legislation.
[D] the vote of the people in any given territory.
[E] a national referendum.
57. The public liked popular sovereignty because it
[A] fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination.
[B] stopped the spread of slavery.
[C] provided a national solution to the problem of slavery.
[D] supported the Wilmot Proviso.
[E] upheld the principles of white supremacy.
58. In the 1848 presidential election, the Democratic and Whig parties
[A] were divided on the issue of admitting California.
[B] abandoned the tactic of nominating military leaders.
[C] addressed the issue of slavery.
[D] lost to the Free Soil party.
[E] remained silent on the issue of slavery.
59. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was
[A] expansion.
[B] personalities.
[C] Indian removal.
[D] slavery.
[E] the economy.
60. The Free Soldiers argued that slavery
[A] would, through its profits, enable small farmers to buy more land.
[B] was unsuited to the West.
[C] would cause more costly wage labor to wither away.
[D] should be gradually abolished.
[E] all of these.
61. Of those people going to California during the gold rush,
[A] most were interested in free-soil farming.
[B] the majority gained considerable financial rewards.
[C] the majority had come from foreign nations.
[D] a distressingly high proportion were lawless men.
[E] slaves constituted a sizable minority.
62. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because
[A] of moral principles.
[B] it damaged the national economy.
[C] of the harm it did to blacks.
[D] it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment.
[E] it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party.
63. By 1850, the South
[A] remained concerned about its weak voice in national government.
[B] recognized that slavery expansion was over.
[C] feared that slavery might be abolished in states where it already existed.
[D] was experiencing economic difficulties.
[E] was relatively well off, politically and economically.
64. Harriet Tubman gained fame
[A] as an African-American antislavery novelist.
[B] in the gold fields of California.
[C] by urging white women to oppose slavery.
[D] as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law.
[E] by helping slaves to escape to Canada.
65. During the 1850s, slaves gained their freedom most frequently by
[A] self-purchase.
[B] persuading masters to free them.
[C] running away.
[D] rebellion.
[E] use of federal laws.
66. John C. Calhoun’s plan to protect the South and slavery involved
[A] a constitutional amendment permanently guaranteeing equal numbers of slave and free states.
[B] repealing the president’s veto power.
[C] support of Henry Clay’s proposed concessions by both the North and the South.
[D] southern secession from the Union.
[E] the election of two presidents, one from the North and one from the South.
67. Daniel Webster’s famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in
[A] a shift toward compromise in the North.
[B] Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law.
[C] a movement to draft him for the presidency.
[D] condemnation by northern commercial interests.
[E] charges of accepting bribes.
68. President Zachary Taylor unknowingly helped the cause of compromise in 1850 when he
[A] died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president.
[B] supported fellow southerner John C. Calhoun’s plan for union.
[C] led an invasion of Texas to halt its attempts to take part of New Mexico.
[D] ushered in a second Era of Good Feelings.
[E] decided not to run for re-election.
69. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was
[A] to be decided by popular sovereignty.
[B] to be banned.
[C] protected by federal law.
[D] to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood.
[E] to be decided by the Mormon Church.
70. The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the decision concerning
[A] continuation of the interstate slave trade.
[B] settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute.
[C] the new Fugitive Slave Law.
[D] slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories.
[E] slavery in the District of Columbia.
71. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except
[A] denial of fleeing slaves’ right to testify on their own behalf.
[B] denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves.
[C] a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways.
[D] the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada.
[E] the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape.
72. In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder by
[A] demanding a strong fugitive-slave law.
[B] not insisting on federal protection of slavery in the territories.
[C] allowing a ban on the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
[D] allowing the admission of California as a free state.
[E] allowing popular sovereignty in Nebraska territory.
73. The fatal split in the Whig party in 1852 occurred over
[A] the nomination of General Winfield Scott or Daniel Webster.
[B] the transcontinental railroad route.
[C] the Gadsden Purchase.
[D] homestead laws.
[E] slavery.
74. The election of 1852 was significant because it
[A] saw the rise of purely national parties.
[B] saw the victory of a pro-South northerner.
[C] marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning.
[D] saw the emergence of an antislavery third party.
[E] marked the end of the Whig party.
75. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was
[A] Nicaragua.
[B] Panama.
[C] Hawaii.
[D] Cuba.
[E] the Dominican Republic.
Chapters 16-19
Please write your answers on Notebook paper and have ready in class on Tuesday 1/17 for B day classes and Wednesday 1/18 for A day classes.
1. As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin,
[A] the African slave trade was legalized.
[B] fewer slaves were needed on the plantations.
[C] slavery was reinvigorated.
[D] Thomas Jefferson predicted the gradual death of slavery.
[E] short-staple cotton lost popularity.
2. Members of the planter aristocracy
[A] promoted tax-supported public education.
[B] produced fewer front-rank statesmen than the North.
[C] kept up with developments in modern thought.
[D] dominated society and politics in the South.
[E] provided democratic rule in the South.
3. Plantation agriculture
[A] discouraged immigration to the West.
[B] was economically unstable and wasteful.
[C] encouraged southern democracy.
[D] led to a slow return on investments.
[E] remained diverse until the Civil War.
4. The plantation system of the Cotton South was
[A] efficient at utilizing natural resources.
[B] attractive to European immigrants.
[C] financially stable.
[D] increasingly monopolistic.
[E] unable to expand westward.
5. All of the following were weaknesses of the slave plantation system except that
[A] it repelled a large-scale European immigration.
[B] it relied on a one-crop economy.
[C] it created an aristocratic political elite.
[D] its land continued to remain in the hands of the small farmers.
[E] it stimulated racism among poor whites.
6. As their main crop, southern subsistence farmers raised
[A] sugar cane.
[B] corn.
[C] rice.
[D] tobacco.
[E] cotton.
7. Most white southerners were
[A] small slaveowners.
[B] merchants and artisans.
[C] planter aristocrats.
[D] nonslaveowning subsistence farmers.
[E] “poor white trash.”
8. By the mid-nineteenth century,
[A] most southerners owned slaves.
[B] slavery was a dying institution.
[C] the smaller slaveholders owned a majority of the slaves.
[D] most slaves lived on large plantations.
[E] southerners were growing defensive about slavery.
9. Most slaves in the South were owned by
[A] mountain whites.
[B] small farmers.
[C] plantation owners.
[D] subsistence farmers.
[E] industrialists.
10. The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because
[A] they could not afford the purchase price.
[B] they opposed slavery.
[C] their urban location did not require them.
[D] their racism would not allow them to work alongside African-Americans.
[E] they feared the possibility of slave revolts.
11. Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of
[A] fleeing to mountain hideaways.
[B] the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807.
[C] purchase by northern abolitionists.
[D] the objection to slaveholding by some white women.
[E] purchasing their way out of slavery.
12. The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to
[A] reenslavement of free blacks.
[B] natural reproduction.
[C] the reopening of the African slave trade in 1808.
[D] the deliberate “breeding” of slaves by plantation owners.
[E] larger imports of slaves from the West Indies.
13. Northern attitudes toward free blacks can best be described as
[A] disliking the race but liking individual blacks.
[B] politically sympathetic but socially segregationist.
[C] supporting their right to full citizenship.
[D] advocating black movement into the new territories.
[E] very racist.
14. For free blacks living in the North,
[A] voting rights were widespread.
[B] education opened the door to economic opportunity.
[C] discrimination was common.
[D] good jobs were plentiful.
[E] living conditions were nearly equal to those for whites.
15. The profitable southern slave system
[A] saw many slaves moving to the upper South.
[B] led to the textile industry’s development in the South first.
[C] hobbled the economic development of the region as a whole.
[D] enabled the South to afford economic and educational progress.
[E] relied almost totally on importing slaves to meet the unquenchable demand for labor.
16. Regarding work assignments, slaves were
[A] given some of the most dangerous jobs.
[B] usually given skilled rather than menial jobs.
[C] generally supervised in small groups.
[D] generally spared dangerous work.
[E] given the same jobs as Irish laborers.
17. Perhaps the slave’s greatest horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was
[A] the breeding of slaves.
[B] having to do the most dangerous work on the plantation.
[C] slaveowners’ frequent use of the whip.
[D] forcible sexual assault by slaveowners.
[E] the enforced separation of slave families.
18. By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the “black belt” located in the
[A] Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
[B] border states of Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland.
[C] old South states of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
[D] mountain regions of Tennessee, West Virginia, and Kentucky.
[E] new Southwest states of Texas, Arkansas, and Indian Territory.
19. As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used the
[A] whip as a motivator.
[B] incentive of free time for holidays.
[C] promise of eventual freedom.
[D] reward of some legal rights.
[E] right to hold private property.
20. Most slaves were raised
[A] knowing both African languages and English.
[B] without religion.
[C] without the benefit of a stable home life.
[D] never knowing anything about their relatives.
[E] in stable two-person households.
21. Slaves fought the system of slavery in all of the following ways except by
[A] refusing to get an education.
[B] pilfering goods that their labor had produced.
[C] running away when possible.
[D] slowing down the work pace.
[E] sabotaging expensive equipment.
22. As a result of white southerners’ brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, the South
[A] adopted British attitudes toward the “peculiar institution.”
[B] emancipated many slaves.
[C] developed a theory of biological racial superiority.
[D] formed alliances with white imperialists in Africa.
[E] shed its image as a reactionary backwater.
23. In the pre-Civil War South, the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance was
[A] feigned laziness.
[B] running away.
[C] armed insurrection.
[D] stealing food and other goods.
[E] sabotage of plantation equipment.
24. The idea of transporting blacks back to Africa was
[A] the result of the widespread loathing of blacks in America.
[B] suggested by the African nation of Liberia.
[C] never carried out.
[D] proposed by William Lloyd Garrison.
[E] advocated by Frederick Douglass.
25. In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners
[A] were in opposition to the North but on the side of the Western world.
[B] failed to compare slaves with the northern factory worker.
[C] placed themselves in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world.
[D] aligned themselves with leading European intellectuals.
[E] allowed considerable dissent in the South.
26. The Whigs placed John Tyler on the 1840 ticket as vice president to
[A] win northern votes.
[B] reward him for his strong support of the Whig party platform.
[C] have him instead of President William Henry Harrison actually run the executive branch.
[D] respond to the Democrats’ expansionist appeal.
[E] attract the vote of the states’ rightists.
27. After President John Tyler’s veto of a bill to establish a new Bank of the United States,
[A] he was expelled from the Whig party.
[B] Tyler also vetoed a Whig-sponsored high-tariff bill.
[C] an attempt was made in the House of Representatives to impeach him.
[D] all but one member of his cabinet resigned.
[E] all of these.
28. As a result of the panic of 1837,
[A] Britain lent money to America, its close ally.
[B] the Democrats led America into war for more territory.
[C] the U.S. established restrictions on foreign loans.
[D] anti-British passions cooled in America.
[E] several states defaulted on their debts to Britain.
29. The Aroostook War was the result of
[A] the offer of asylum to the crew of the Creole.
[B] the Caroline incident.
[C] a fishing dispute between Britain and the U.S.
[D] a short-lived insurrection in British Canada.
[E] a dispute over the northern boundary of Maine.
30. Arrange the following in chronological order: (A) annexation of Texas, (B) Webster-Ashburton Treaty, (C) settlement of the Oregon boundary, (D) Aroostook War.
[A] A, D, C, B
[B] B, D, C, A
[C] C, A, B, D
[D] D, B, A, C
[E] A, B, D, C
31. Some people in Britain hoped for a British alliance with Texas because
[A] the alliance would help to support the Monroe Doctrine.
[B] Texas could become a location for the settlement of undesirable British emigrants.
[C] this area would provide an excellent base from which to attack the United States.
[D] Mexican efforts to attack the United States would be stopped.
[E] the alliance would give abolitionists the opportunity to free slaves in Texas.
32. One argument against annexing Texas to the United States was that the annexation
[A] could involve the country in a series of ruinous wars in America and Europe.
[B] offered little of value to America.
[C] was not supported by the people of Texas.
[D] might give more power to the supporters of slavery.
[E] would lead to tensions and possible war with Mexico.
33. Texas was annexed to the United States as a result of
[A] President Tyler’s desire to help his troubled administration.
[B] Senate approval of the Treaty of Annexation.
[C] a compromise to admit free-state Iowa at the same time.
[D] a presidential order by Andrew Jackson.
[E] the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
34. Arrange in chronological order the United States’ acquisition of (A) Oregon, (B) Texas, (C) California.
[A] A, C, B
[B] C, B, A
[C] B, C, A
[D] B, A, C
[E] A, B, C
35. The primary group that was instrumental in strengthening and saving American claims to Oregon were
[A] Mormon settlers from Utah.
[B] the Hudson’s Bay Company.
[C] the Lewis and Clark expedition.
[D] U.S. naval forces in Puget Sound.
[E] American missionaries to the Indians.
36. Most Americans who migrated to the Oregon Country were attracted by the
[A] hope of finding a better trade route to East Asia.
[B] discovery of gold and silver in the Cascade Mountains.
[C] potential profits in the fur trade.
[D] expectation of fighting British troops.
[E] rich soil of the Willamette River Valley.
37. The nomination of James K. Polk as the Democrats’ 1844 presidential candidate was secured by
[A] Henry Clay.
[B] eastern business interests.
[C] proslavery forces.
[D] anti-Texas southerners.
[E] expansionists.
38. In the 1840s, the view that God had ordained the growth of an American nation stretching across North America was called
[A] continentalism.
[B] isolationism.
[C] anglophobia.
[D] Manifest Destiny.
[E] Divine Mandate.
39. In the presidential election of 1844, the Whig candidate, Henry Clay,
[A] ignored the issue of the annexation of Texas.
[B] favored dividing Texas into several states.
[C] opposed the annexation of Texas.
[D] called for immediate annexation of Texas.
[E] favored postponing the annexation of Texas.
40. The election of 1844 was notable because
[A] it was fought over numerous issues.
[B] it brought the slavery issue into politics.
[C] a genuine mandate emerged.
[D] Polk won the electoral vote but lost the popular vote.
[E] the campaign raised no real issues.
41. The group most supportive of gaining control of all the Oregon Country was the
[A] Californians.
[B] southern Democrats.
[C] Whigs.
[D] Protestant missionaries.
[E] northern Democrats.
42. In his quest for California, President James K. Polk
[A] argued strongly for annexation, because Americans were the most numerous people in the area.
[B] advocated war with Mexico from the beginning.
[C] first advocated buying the area from Mexico.
[D] sought British help to persuade Mexico to sell the area to the United States.
[E] was motivated by his knowledge of gold deposits there.
43. In 1846 the United States went to war with Mexico for all of the following reasons except
[A] the ideology of Manifest Destiny.
[B] the impulse to satisfy those asking for “spot” resolutions.
[C] the deaths of American soldiers at the hands of Mexicans.
[D] the desire to gain payment for damage claims against the Mexican government.
[E] Polk’s desire to acquire California.
44. One goal of Mexico in its 1846-1848 war with the United States was to
[A] free black slaves.
[B] capture slaves and take them back to Mexico.
[C] regain control of Texas.
[D] force America to make good on unpaid claims of damages to Mexican citizens.
[E] demonstrate the strength of Latino culture.
45. When the war with Mexico began, President James K. Polk
[A] found that he could trust dethroned Mexican dictator Santa Anna.
[B] advocated taking all of Mexico.
[C] hoped to fight a limited war, ending with the conquest of California.
[D] supported a large-scale conflict.
[E] denied any intention of expanding slavery.
46. The terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the Mexican War included
[A] the banning of slavery from all territory ceded to the United States.
[B] United States annexation of Texas.
[C] a guarantee of the rights of Mexicans living in New Mexico.
[D] a requirement that Mexico pay $3.25 million in damages to the United States.
[E] United States payment of $15 million for the cession of northern Mexico.
47. Those people most opposed to President James K. Polk’s expansionist program were the
[A] western Democrats.
[B] proslavery Whigs.
[C] supporters of Nicholas P. Trist.
[D] Senate Democrats.
[E] antislavery forces.
48. The Wilmot Proviso
[A] settled once and for all the issue of slavery in California.
[B] gained House and Senate approval in 1846.
[C] symbolized the burning issue of slavery in the territories.
[D] left open the issue of slavery in New Mexico and Utah.
[E] allowed slavery in the territory taken from Mexico in 1848.
49. The largest single addition to American territory was
[A] the Old Northwest.
[B] Alaska.
[C] the Oregon Country.
[D] the Louisiana Purchase.
[E] the Mexican Cession.
50. The first Old World Europeans to come to California were
[A] Dutch.
[B] English.
[C] French.
[D] Russians.
[E] Spanish.
51. The Californios’ political ascendancy in California ended
[A] when agriculture became more profitable than mining.
[B] when Mexico gained control of the area in 1826.
[C] when the U.S. government made English mandatory.
[D] as a result of the influx of Anglo golddiggers.
[E] with the arrival of Franciscan friars.
52. In order to maintain the two great political parties as vital bonds of national unity, early-nineteenth-century politicians
[A] decided to allow slavery into all United States territories.
[B] avoided public discussion of slavery.
[C] decided to ban slavery from all United States territories.
[D] worked to make third parties almost impossible.
[E] banished abolitionists from membership in either national party.
53. The United States’ victory in the Mexican War resulted in
[A] renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories.
[B] a rush of settlers to new American territory in California.
[C] a possible split in the Whig and Democrat parties over slavery.
[D] the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the United States.
[E] all of these.
54. The Wilmot Proviso, if adopted, would have
[A] required California to enter the Union as a slave state.
[B] prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War.
[C] prevented the taking of any territory from Mexico.
[D] overturned the Fugitive Slave Law.
[E] all of these.
55. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except
[A] free government homesteads for settlers.
[B] internal improvements.
[C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia.
[D] support of the Wilmot Proviso.
[E] opposition to slavery in the territories.
56. According to the principle of “popular sovereignty,” the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by
[A] the most popular national leaders.
[B] a Supreme Court decision.
[C] congressional legislation.
[D] the vote of the people in any given territory.
[E] a national referendum.
57. The public liked popular sovereignty because it
[A] fit in with the democratic tradition of self-determination.
[B] stopped the spread of slavery.
[C] provided a national solution to the problem of slavery.
[D] supported the Wilmot Proviso.
[E] upheld the principles of white supremacy.
58. In the 1848 presidential election, the Democratic and Whig parties
[A] were divided on the issue of admitting California.
[B] abandoned the tactic of nominating military leaders.
[C] addressed the issue of slavery.
[D] lost to the Free Soil party.
[E] remained silent on the issue of slavery.
59. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was
[A] expansion.
[B] personalities.
[C] Indian removal.
[D] slavery.
[E] the economy.
60. The Free Soldiers argued that slavery
[A] would, through its profits, enable small farmers to buy more land.
[B] was unsuited to the West.
[C] would cause more costly wage labor to wither away.
[D] should be gradually abolished.
[E] all of these.
61. Of those people going to California during the gold rush,
[A] most were interested in free-soil farming.
[B] the majority gained considerable financial rewards.
[C] the majority had come from foreign nations.
[D] a distressingly high proportion were lawless men.
[E] slaves constituted a sizable minority.
62. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because
[A] of moral principles.
[B] it damaged the national economy.
[C] of the harm it did to blacks.
[D] it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment.
[E] it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party.
63. By 1850, the South
[A] remained concerned about its weak voice in national government.
[B] recognized that slavery expansion was over.
[C] feared that slavery might be abolished in states where it already existed.
[D] was experiencing economic difficulties.
[E] was relatively well off, politically and economically.
64. Harriet Tubman gained fame
[A] as an African-American antislavery novelist.
[B] in the gold fields of California.
[C] by urging white women to oppose slavery.
[D] as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law.
[E] by helping slaves to escape to Canada.
65. During the 1850s, slaves gained their freedom most frequently by
[A] self-purchase.
[B] persuading masters to free them.
[C] running away.
[D] rebellion.
[E] use of federal laws.
66. John C. Calhoun’s plan to protect the South and slavery involved
[A] a constitutional amendment permanently guaranteeing equal numbers of slave and free states.
[B] repealing the president’s veto power.
[C] support of Henry Clay’s proposed concessions by both the North and the South.
[D] southern secession from the Union.
[E] the election of two presidents, one from the North and one from the South.
67. Daniel Webster’s famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in
[A] a shift toward compromise in the North.
[B] Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law.
[C] a movement to draft him for the presidency.
[D] condemnation by northern commercial interests.
[E] charges of accepting bribes.
68. President Zachary Taylor unknowingly helped the cause of compromise in 1850 when he
[A] died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president.
[B] supported fellow southerner John C. Calhoun’s plan for union.
[C] led an invasion of Texas to halt its attempts to take part of New Mexico.
[D] ushered in a second Era of Good Feelings.
[E] decided not to run for re-election.
69. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was
[A] to be decided by popular sovereignty.
[B] to be banned.
[C] protected by federal law.
[D] to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood.
[E] to be decided by the Mormon Church.
70. The most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850 to northerners was the decision concerning
[A] continuation of the interstate slave trade.
[B] settlement of the Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute.
[C] the new Fugitive Slave Law.
[D] slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories.
[E] slavery in the District of Columbia.
71. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except
[A] denial of fleeing slaves’ right to testify on their own behalf.
[B] denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves.
[C] a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways.
[D] the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada.
[E] the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape.
72. In light of future evidence, it seems apparent that in the Compromise of 1850 the South made a tactical blunder by
[A] demanding a strong fugitive-slave law.
[B] not insisting on federal protection of slavery in the territories.
[C] allowing a ban on the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
[D] allowing the admission of California as a free state.
[E] allowing popular sovereignty in Nebraska territory.
73. The fatal split in the Whig party in 1852 occurred over
[A] the nomination of General Winfield Scott or Daniel Webster.
[B] the transcontinental railroad route.
[C] the Gadsden Purchase.
[D] homestead laws.
[E] slavery.
74. The election of 1852 was significant because it
[A] saw the rise of purely national parties.
[B] saw the victory of a pro-South northerner.
[C] marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning.
[D] saw the emergence of an antislavery third party.
[E] marked the end of the Whig party.
75. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was
[A] Nicaragua.
[B] Panama.
[C] Hawaii.
[D] Cuba.
[E] the Dominican Republic.
Tuesday, December 6, 2011
Chapter 16 Study Questions
Chapter 16
The South and Slavery, 1793–1860
1. Part Three Introduction (pp. 348–349) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to certain key questions about the causes and consequences of the nation’s “awesome trial by fire,” the Civil War. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors will be addressing in the next seven chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Southern Economy and Social Structure (pp. 350–356) a. Explain the connection between the invention of the cotton gin by Eli _________ in 17___ and the rapid expansion of short-staple cotton production based on slave labor in the South. If the cotton gin actually made picking seeds from cotton much easier, why did planters perceive a vastly increased need for slave labor?
b. Cotton was king in both the South and in Britain. By 1840, cotton amounted to _____percent of U. S. exports and accounted for more than _____percent of the world’s supply. Britain’s economy was based on cotton textiles, and Britain got _____percent of its fiber supply from the South. (No wonder Southerners thought England would “be tied to them by cotton threads” in the event of conflict with the North.)
c. List two negatives of this Southern plantation economy mentioned by the authors (pp. 352–353).
(1)
(2)
d. Although most slaves were owned by the large-scale planters, most slave-owners held only a few slaves each, and often worked together with them in the fields. The chart on p. 353 shows that, out of about 345,000 slave-owning families, only about ________ families owned fifty or more slaves, representing about ____percent of the total. Fully _____percent of Southern whites owned no slaves at all. List two reasons cited by the authors to explain why many poor whites without slaves remained staunch defenders of the slave system.
(1)
(2)
3. Conditions of Slavery (pp. 356–362) a. If northerners were really against slavery, why do you think they treated individual free blacks with such disdain?
b. With slave importation outlawed since 1808, the slave population grew to a total of __ million by 1860 primarily by natural reproduction. Unlike the North, wealth in the South was not held in monetary form, but rather in the form of land and _________. What did it mean to sell a slave “down the river”? Slaves were being sold from where to where?
c. List two examples of the fact that slaves had absolutely no political or civil rights.
(1)
(2)
d. What do the authors conclude on pp. 360–362 about black family and religious life?
e. *** Did anything surprise you about the extent of slave resistance and rebellion (p. 362)?
4. Abolitionism (pp. 362–368) a. The _____________ (a religious sect) were among the first to advocate abolitionism. In the early 1820s, the emphasis was on sending ex-slaves back to Africa, especially to the West African country of ____________. A small minority of fervent abolitionists emerged in the 1830s, encouraged by the freedom given by ___________ (a country) to its West Indian slaves, and by the religious spirit of the Second Great ______________. What is the essential difference between a radical abolitionist, such as William Lloyd ___________, and a more practical or political abolitionist, such as the ex-slave Frederick ___________? *** Had you been against slavery at the time, put an (*) by the approach you would have favored.
(1) Radical:
(2) Political/practical:
b. *** If you had been a moderate Southerner at the time, list two legitimate arguments you might have used against the call of the radical abolitionists for the immediate release of all slaves with no compensation to their owners.
(1)
(2)
c. Look at the cartoon on p. 367. In reaction against increasingly perceived threats to their way of life, Southerners began advancing arguments as to why slavery was a “positive good.” *** What do you think of the argument that the North was hypocritical because southern slaves had it better than did the “wage slaves” of the North? Was there any truth in this charge?
d. Were the abolitionists popular or unpopular in the North? Why?
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Nature of Slavery
Read the Varying Viewpoints essay and address ONE of the following questions:
1. According to historian Eugene Genovese, what motivated southern slave-owners to embrace “a strange form of paternalism” toward their slaves? *** Do you agree with the authors that this paternalistic attitude had the effect of subverting the “racist underpinnings” of the slave society?
2. Although economic historians have demonstrated that slavery was still a profitable proposition at the time of the Civil War, it was dying out as an institution in other places around the world. *** Do you have any thoughts as to what would have happened to slavery in America in the absence of a Civil War?
3. Slaves were purposefully kept illiterate and therefore left few written records of their life on the plantations. Technology for audio and video recordings was unavailable and few travelers from the North recorded observations on slave treatment, lifestyle, or culture. *** If you were a historian trying to make conclusions about these subjects, what types of sources would you consult? Do you think an “objective” picture of southern slavery is possible to construct?
The South and Slavery, 1793–1860
1. Part Three Introduction (pp. 348–349) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to certain key questions about the causes and consequences of the nation’s “awesome trial by fire,” the Civil War. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors will be addressing in the next seven chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Southern Economy and Social Structure (pp. 350–356) a. Explain the connection between the invention of the cotton gin by Eli _________ in 17___ and the rapid expansion of short-staple cotton production based on slave labor in the South. If the cotton gin actually made picking seeds from cotton much easier, why did planters perceive a vastly increased need for slave labor?
b. Cotton was king in both the South and in Britain. By 1840, cotton amounted to _____percent of U. S. exports and accounted for more than _____percent of the world’s supply. Britain’s economy was based on cotton textiles, and Britain got _____percent of its fiber supply from the South. (No wonder Southerners thought England would “be tied to them by cotton threads” in the event of conflict with the North.)
c. List two negatives of this Southern plantation economy mentioned by the authors (pp. 352–353).
(1)
(2)
d. Although most slaves were owned by the large-scale planters, most slave-owners held only a few slaves each, and often worked together with them in the fields. The chart on p. 353 shows that, out of about 345,000 slave-owning families, only about ________ families owned fifty or more slaves, representing about ____percent of the total. Fully _____percent of Southern whites owned no slaves at all. List two reasons cited by the authors to explain why many poor whites without slaves remained staunch defenders of the slave system.
(1)
(2)
3. Conditions of Slavery (pp. 356–362) a. If northerners were really against slavery, why do you think they treated individual free blacks with such disdain?
b. With slave importation outlawed since 1808, the slave population grew to a total of __ million by 1860 primarily by natural reproduction. Unlike the North, wealth in the South was not held in monetary form, but rather in the form of land and _________. What did it mean to sell a slave “down the river”? Slaves were being sold from where to where?
c. List two examples of the fact that slaves had absolutely no political or civil rights.
(1)
(2)
d. What do the authors conclude on pp. 360–362 about black family and religious life?
e. *** Did anything surprise you about the extent of slave resistance and rebellion (p. 362)?
4. Abolitionism (pp. 362–368) a. The _____________ (a religious sect) were among the first to advocate abolitionism. In the early 1820s, the emphasis was on sending ex-slaves back to Africa, especially to the West African country of ____________. A small minority of fervent abolitionists emerged in the 1830s, encouraged by the freedom given by ___________ (a country) to its West Indian slaves, and by the religious spirit of the Second Great ______________. What is the essential difference between a radical abolitionist, such as William Lloyd ___________, and a more practical or political abolitionist, such as the ex-slave Frederick ___________? *** Had you been against slavery at the time, put an (*) by the approach you would have favored.
(1) Radical:
(2) Political/practical:
b. *** If you had been a moderate Southerner at the time, list two legitimate arguments you might have used against the call of the radical abolitionists for the immediate release of all slaves with no compensation to their owners.
(1)
(2)
c. Look at the cartoon on p. 367. In reaction against increasingly perceived threats to their way of life, Southerners began advancing arguments as to why slavery was a “positive good.” *** What do you think of the argument that the North was hypocritical because southern slaves had it better than did the “wage slaves” of the North? Was there any truth in this charge?
d. Were the abolitionists popular or unpopular in the North? Why?
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Nature of Slavery
Read the Varying Viewpoints essay and address ONE of the following questions:
1. According to historian Eugene Genovese, what motivated southern slave-owners to embrace “a strange form of paternalism” toward their slaves? *** Do you agree with the authors that this paternalistic attitude had the effect of subverting the “racist underpinnings” of the slave society?
2. Although economic historians have demonstrated that slavery was still a profitable proposition at the time of the Civil War, it was dying out as an institution in other places around the world. *** Do you have any thoughts as to what would have happened to slavery in America in the absence of a Civil War?
3. Slaves were purposefully kept illiterate and therefore left few written records of their life on the plantations. Technology for audio and video recordings was unavailable and few travelers from the North recorded observations on slave treatment, lifestyle, or culture. *** If you were a historian trying to make conclusions about these subjects, what types of sources would you consult? Do you think an “objective” picture of southern slavery is possible to construct?
Wednesday, November 9, 2011
Chapter 14 Study Questions
CHAPTER 14
The National Economy, 1790–1860
1. Westward Movement (pp. 287–289) At the end of this section, the authors refer to the “heedless exploitation of the
West’s natural bounty” while going on to say that Americans “revered nature and admired its beauty.” *** Can these
two seemingly contradictory statements be reconciled?
2. Immigration and Urbanization (pp. 290–297)
a. The population chart on p. 290 shows that, due to a high birth rate and immigration, the country in 1860 was
roughly _____ times bigger than it was in 1790. If the population today is about 275 million, it is approximately
_____ times bigger than it was in 1860. Also in this first section, the authors describe the squalid conditions in the
new booming urban centers. *** Can you think of any similar city in the world today where growth is much too fast
for the basic services (“infrastructure”) to catch up?
b. Briefly list a few distinctive characteristics of the Irish and the German immigrant groups.
IRISH GERMAN
c. The Protestant majority was concerned about the growing influence of __________________ (a religious
denomination), which in the 1840s developed its own separate educational system. The American or “_________-
_____________” Party began about 1849 centered around the concept of anti foreignism. (Note how America’s
love/hate attitude toward immigrants constitutes a recurring theme.)
3. Industry and the Factory System (pp. 297–304)
a. List two reasons cited by the authors that the Industrial Revolution didn’t hit America until the 1830s and 1840s,
much later than it did in Britain.
(1)
(2)
b. What do the authors mean on p. 303 when they say that Eli Whitney gave a boost to slavery “and perhaps made
inevitable the Civil War” but at the same time “helped factories to flourish in the North,” thus contributing to the
ultimate Northern victory?
(1) “… Civil War inevitable”
(2) “… ultimate Northern victory”
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
c. What is distinctive about the new “limited liability corporations (p. 304)”? *** Can you guess why this form of
business organization was so important to industrialization?
4. Workers and Women (pp. 304–309)
a. *** What do you think would be the main differences between working in a craft shop (illustration p. 305) and the
more efficient factories illustrated on pp. 307 and 309?
(1) Craft shop:
(2) Factory:
b. Regimented factory jobs, such as those at the first big water-powered textile mill at _________, Mass., were seen
by many single girls as a way to escape the farm. Besides factory work, the “caring professions” open to women
included nursing, domestic service, and ______________. Upon marriage, most women left the workforce. How do
the authors define the “cult of domesticity (p. 307)”? *** What is your reaction to this view of women’s role in family
life?
(1) Definition:
(2) Reaction:
5. Transportation (pp. 309–317) (Note: In 1800, the biggest obstacle to national development was that people, goods,
and even letters could not move faster than animals could walk, rivers could flow, or the wind could blow.
Revolutionary developments, primarily the steamboat and railroad, would change that fast.) The first major wagon
road west, the National or _____________ Road, was started in 1811. The revolutionary steamboat, invented by
Robert __________ in 1807, allowed people and goods to move upstream as well as down. The first big western
canal, the _________ Canal, pushed through in 18____ by Governor DeWitt ___________, benefited its Atlantic
terminus at _____ ________ City at the expense of cities like Boston. The first American railroad appeared in 18___
and soon superseded the canal system in terms of importance. Look at the railroad map on p. 313. By 1860, the
Midwest was sending its agricultural products and raw materials mostly to the __________ (North or South), enabling
that region to specialize in manufacturing and shipping. The South had to continue specializing in its cash crops such
as ___________ (its biggest cash crop), which it sent out via its navigable waterways. This new regional
specialization will provide a big advantage to the ___________ (North or South) in the eventual Civil War. (Note:
Without these new transportation links, the South might have expected closer ties with the Midwest because
Midwestern waterways all drain out through New Orleans.)
6. Market Revolution (pp. 317–318) In this section, the authors summarize the drastic change from the home as a selfsufficient
economic enterprise to the home as a refuge from more specialized, market-oriented work outside. They
also point to the growing gulf between rich and poor that caused class warfare in many European countries. What two
reasons do they give for the relative absence of class conflict in America, despite these wide disparities between rich
and poor?
(1)
(2)
The National Economy, 1790–1860
1. Westward Movement (pp. 287–289) At the end of this section, the authors refer to the “heedless exploitation of the
West’s natural bounty” while going on to say that Americans “revered nature and admired its beauty.” *** Can these
two seemingly contradictory statements be reconciled?
2. Immigration and Urbanization (pp. 290–297)
a. The population chart on p. 290 shows that, due to a high birth rate and immigration, the country in 1860 was
roughly _____ times bigger than it was in 1790. If the population today is about 275 million, it is approximately
_____ times bigger than it was in 1860. Also in this first section, the authors describe the squalid conditions in the
new booming urban centers. *** Can you think of any similar city in the world today where growth is much too fast
for the basic services (“infrastructure”) to catch up?
b. Briefly list a few distinctive characteristics of the Irish and the German immigrant groups.
IRISH GERMAN
c. The Protestant majority was concerned about the growing influence of __________________ (a religious
denomination), which in the 1840s developed its own separate educational system. The American or “_________-
_____________” Party began about 1849 centered around the concept of anti foreignism. (Note how America’s
love/hate attitude toward immigrants constitutes a recurring theme.)
3. Industry and the Factory System (pp. 297–304)
a. List two reasons cited by the authors that the Industrial Revolution didn’t hit America until the 1830s and 1840s,
much later than it did in Britain.
(1)
(2)
b. What do the authors mean on p. 303 when they say that Eli Whitney gave a boost to slavery “and perhaps made
inevitable the Civil War” but at the same time “helped factories to flourish in the North,” thus contributing to the
ultimate Northern victory?
(1) “… Civil War inevitable”
(2) “… ultimate Northern victory”
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
c. What is distinctive about the new “limited liability corporations (p. 304)”? *** Can you guess why this form of
business organization was so important to industrialization?
4. Workers and Women (pp. 304–309)
a. *** What do you think would be the main differences between working in a craft shop (illustration p. 305) and the
more efficient factories illustrated on pp. 307 and 309?
(1) Craft shop:
(2) Factory:
b. Regimented factory jobs, such as those at the first big water-powered textile mill at _________, Mass., were seen
by many single girls as a way to escape the farm. Besides factory work, the “caring professions” open to women
included nursing, domestic service, and ______________. Upon marriage, most women left the workforce. How do
the authors define the “cult of domesticity (p. 307)”? *** What is your reaction to this view of women’s role in family
life?
(1) Definition:
(2) Reaction:
5. Transportation (pp. 309–317) (Note: In 1800, the biggest obstacle to national development was that people, goods,
and even letters could not move faster than animals could walk, rivers could flow, or the wind could blow.
Revolutionary developments, primarily the steamboat and railroad, would change that fast.) The first major wagon
road west, the National or _____________ Road, was started in 1811. The revolutionary steamboat, invented by
Robert __________ in 1807, allowed people and goods to move upstream as well as down. The first big western
canal, the _________ Canal, pushed through in 18____ by Governor DeWitt ___________, benefited its Atlantic
terminus at _____ ________ City at the expense of cities like Boston. The first American railroad appeared in 18___
and soon superseded the canal system in terms of importance. Look at the railroad map on p. 313. By 1860, the
Midwest was sending its agricultural products and raw materials mostly to the __________ (North or South), enabling
that region to specialize in manufacturing and shipping. The South had to continue specializing in its cash crops such
as ___________ (its biggest cash crop), which it sent out via its navigable waterways. This new regional
specialization will provide a big advantage to the ___________ (North or South) in the eventual Civil War. (Note:
Without these new transportation links, the South might have expected closer ties with the Midwest because
Midwestern waterways all drain out through New Orleans.)
6. Market Revolution (pp. 317–318) In this section, the authors summarize the drastic change from the home as a selfsufficient
economic enterprise to the home as a refuge from more specialized, market-oriented work outside. They
also point to the growing gulf between rich and poor that caused class warfare in many European countries. What two
reasons do they give for the relative absence of class conflict in America, despite these wide disparities between rich
and poor?
(1)
(2)
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Chapter 11 Reading/Study questions
Chapter 11
The Jeffersonian Republic, 1800–1812
1. “Revolution” of 1800 (pp. 211–215) The election of 1800 was the first between organized political parties and the first of several to be decided on the basis of quirks in the Constitution. Why did Jefferson consider his victory in 1800 over the Federalist John ________ and his own vice-presidential running mate Aaron ________ to be “revolutionary”? What other “revolutionary” aspect of this election is added by the authors on p. 215?
(1) Jefferson’s point:
(2) The authors’ point:
2. Jefferson (pp. 216–218) Jefferson was an aristocrat whose sympathies were with the common man—perhaps like F. D. Roosevelt and J. F. Kennedy in the twentieth century. Although his stump speeches called for a maximum of personal liberty and a minimum of government intervention, cite two examples of how he accepted some Federalist programs and became a moderate in practice:
(1)
(2)
3. Power to the Supreme Court (pp. 218–219) The details of the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) are interesting but not nearly as important as the precedent it set. There will always be disputes as to the constitutionality of laws. Remember that Jefferson had made the case in the _________ and ____________ Resolutions that individual states had the right to “nullify” laws they felt were unconstitutional. What extremely important legal principle did Jefferson’s cousin, the Federalist Chief Justice John _____________, establish in this case? Read the excerpt from the case (p. 219) and try to summarize the reasoning of the Court in claiming such power for itself.
(1) Principle:
(2) Rationale:
4. Louisiana Purchase (pp. 219–225) a. True to his noninterventionist principles, Jefferson cut back the military forces, even though he did have to confront some Barbary Pirates on the “shores of __________.” But he was willing to abandon his scruples about the limited power of the federal government when the opportunity came to buy Louisiana. What two reasons caused Napoleon to be willing to sell not only New Orleans but all of the Louisiana Territory to U.S. envoys Robert ______________ and James ______________ in 18____ for $____ million?
(1)
(2)
b. In 18____, Jefferson sent Meriwether _________ and William _________ to explore the northern part of the purchased territory and Zibulon ________ to explore the southern part. Besides the acquisition of territory, list two of the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase that the authors mention at the end of this section.
(1)
(2)
5. Foreign Policy–Jefferson’s Second Term (pp. 225–228) Again the fragile young nation risked being swallowed up by European conflicts between ___________ and France. The issues involved the rights of U.S. ships to trade with the belligerents (the same issues which precipitated U.S. Involvement in World War I, by the way), and the ____________ of U.S. sailors onto British warships. (Note: You might note later how Jefferson’s policies differed from those of Woodrow Wilson over a century later during World War I over many of these same issues!) To avoid getting sucked into the European wars, Jefferson tried the _____________ Act of 1807, effectively making most U.S. foreign trade illegal. After much opposition, not only from Federalist commercial interests in the Northeast, but also from western and southern farmers who couldn’t ship their cotton and other crops, the Embargo was replaced by the milder ______-_______________ Act of 1809. *** After reviewing the authors’ analysis, what do you think of Jefferson’s attempt to stay out of war by removing the potential flash-points of ocean commerce with the belligerents?
6. Madison and War (pp. 228–231) a. Referring to the 1810 ____________ Bill No. 2 how did the willingness of President Madison to gamble and the craftiness of French Emperor __________ move the U.S. closer to a second conflict with Britain?
b. Representative of the shift in population, power in Congress moved on to more belligerent Southerners and Westerners, dubbed “war ______,” including the young Henry Clay of Kentucky. Their main motivation was to eliminate the European allies of their Indian opponents and perhaps to annex Canada. A key reason why Indian nations had failed to stop white westward expansion was their internal fighting and inability to unite. Shawnee leader Tecumseh was one of the last to attempt an effective intertribal coalition—with a bit of help from British Canada. In 1811, Gen. William Henry ______________ defeated Tecumseh at ______________, in Indiana, thus ending one of the last major Indian coalitions against whites. (Hint to final blank: In 1840, Harrison wins the presidency under the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”)
c. The New England states, which had initiated the Revolutionary War, were dead set against going after the British a second time. Ironically, it was the agricultural South and West that pushed for war. List the arguments of the War Hawks from the South and West for going to war with Britain in 1812 and the objections advanced by Federalist New York and New England:
FOR WAR (South and West) AGAINST WAR (East)
d. *** What is your opinion of these reasons for sending young men into battle? How many of them represent national rather than sectional interests? In Congress, how would you have voted?
The Jeffersonian Republic, 1800–1812
1. “Revolution” of 1800 (pp. 211–215) The election of 1800 was the first between organized political parties and the first of several to be decided on the basis of quirks in the Constitution. Why did Jefferson consider his victory in 1800 over the Federalist John ________ and his own vice-presidential running mate Aaron ________ to be “revolutionary”? What other “revolutionary” aspect of this election is added by the authors on p. 215?
(1) Jefferson’s point:
(2) The authors’ point:
2. Jefferson (pp. 216–218) Jefferson was an aristocrat whose sympathies were with the common man—perhaps like F. D. Roosevelt and J. F. Kennedy in the twentieth century. Although his stump speeches called for a maximum of personal liberty and a minimum of government intervention, cite two examples of how he accepted some Federalist programs and became a moderate in practice:
(1)
(2)
3. Power to the Supreme Court (pp. 218–219) The details of the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) are interesting but not nearly as important as the precedent it set. There will always be disputes as to the constitutionality of laws. Remember that Jefferson had made the case in the _________ and ____________ Resolutions that individual states had the right to “nullify” laws they felt were unconstitutional. What extremely important legal principle did Jefferson’s cousin, the Federalist Chief Justice John _____________, establish in this case? Read the excerpt from the case (p. 219) and try to summarize the reasoning of the Court in claiming such power for itself.
(1) Principle:
(2) Rationale:
4. Louisiana Purchase (pp. 219–225) a. True to his noninterventionist principles, Jefferson cut back the military forces, even though he did have to confront some Barbary Pirates on the “shores of __________.” But he was willing to abandon his scruples about the limited power of the federal government when the opportunity came to buy Louisiana. What two reasons caused Napoleon to be willing to sell not only New Orleans but all of the Louisiana Territory to U.S. envoys Robert ______________ and James ______________ in 18____ for $____ million?
(1)
(2)
b. In 18____, Jefferson sent Meriwether _________ and William _________ to explore the northern part of the purchased territory and Zibulon ________ to explore the southern part. Besides the acquisition of territory, list two of the consequences of the Louisiana Purchase that the authors mention at the end of this section.
(1)
(2)
5. Foreign Policy–Jefferson’s Second Term (pp. 225–228) Again the fragile young nation risked being swallowed up by European conflicts between ___________ and France. The issues involved the rights of U.S. ships to trade with the belligerents (the same issues which precipitated U.S. Involvement in World War I, by the way), and the ____________ of U.S. sailors onto British warships. (Note: You might note later how Jefferson’s policies differed from those of Woodrow Wilson over a century later during World War I over many of these same issues!) To avoid getting sucked into the European wars, Jefferson tried the _____________ Act of 1807, effectively making most U.S. foreign trade illegal. After much opposition, not only from Federalist commercial interests in the Northeast, but also from western and southern farmers who couldn’t ship their cotton and other crops, the Embargo was replaced by the milder ______-_______________ Act of 1809. *** After reviewing the authors’ analysis, what do you think of Jefferson’s attempt to stay out of war by removing the potential flash-points of ocean commerce with the belligerents?
6. Madison and War (pp. 228–231) a. Referring to the 1810 ____________ Bill No. 2 how did the willingness of President Madison to gamble and the craftiness of French Emperor __________ move the U.S. closer to a second conflict with Britain?
b. Representative of the shift in population, power in Congress moved on to more belligerent Southerners and Westerners, dubbed “war ______,” including the young Henry Clay of Kentucky. Their main motivation was to eliminate the European allies of their Indian opponents and perhaps to annex Canada. A key reason why Indian nations had failed to stop white westward expansion was their internal fighting and inability to unite. Shawnee leader Tecumseh was one of the last to attempt an effective intertribal coalition—with a bit of help from British Canada. In 1811, Gen. William Henry ______________ defeated Tecumseh at ______________, in Indiana, thus ending one of the last major Indian coalitions against whites. (Hint to final blank: In 1840, Harrison wins the presidency under the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”)
c. The New England states, which had initiated the Revolutionary War, were dead set against going after the British a second time. Ironically, it was the agricultural South and West that pushed for war. List the arguments of the War Hawks from the South and West for going to war with Britain in 1812 and the objections advanced by Federalist New York and New England:
FOR WAR (South and West) AGAINST WAR (East)
d. *** What is your opinion of these reasons for sending young men into battle? How many of them represent national rather than sectional interests? In Congress, how would you have voted?
Tuesday, October 4, 2011
CHAPTER 9
CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION, 1776–1790
1. Part Two Intro. (pp. 164–165) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to
certain key questions about the new nation as it struggled to find its legs and then to grow into
adolescence. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors will be
addressing in the next seven chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Impact of Revolution (pp. 166–168)
a. Contrary to the French Revolution, the authors say that the break with England produced an
“accelerated evolution” rather than a full-scale social, economic, and political revolution.
Nevertheless, list two areas you found interesting where the authors say that “striking changes” did
result from the Revolution.
(1)
(2)
b. Summarize the argument of the authors as to why slavery was not abolished in the new, supposedly
democratic and egalitarian nation. *** Do you buy this argument?
3. State Constitutions (pp. 168–171) Significantly for the future national constitution, Congress asked
the ex-colonies to produce formal documents summoning themselves into being as new states. List
two features of these new state constitutions that you found to be particularly significant:
(1)
(2)
4. Articles of Confederation and Land Policy (171–175) (Note: It's interesting to think of the
similarities between the U.S. under the Articles and the European countries today that are working
gradually to come together under the European Union. The method of tax collecting is also similar to the
United Nations today which must rely on assessments from member states. The U.S. and other countries
often withhold their assessments if they disagree with certain U.N. policies.)
a. On p. 171, the authors call the thirteen original states essentially sovereign countries because they
_________ their own money, raised their own ___________ and navies, and erected their own
_________ barriers. The ____________ of Confederation were passed by Congress in 17___, but
required unanimous approval of the states. What had to be done with regard to state claims to western
lands before all states would concur?
b. List three features of the Articles of Confederation that differ from our current Constitution:
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
(1)
(2)
(3)
c. Despite its weakness under the Articles, the authors praise the passage by Congress of two highly
significant “red-letter” laws. The _______ Ordinance of 1785 called for the Northwest Territory to be
surveyed and sold to pay off the national debt, with a part of each section to be set aside for public
education. Even more important because it meant voluntarily giving up power, the _____________
Ordinance of 1787 set up the mechanism by which these territories could become states on an equal
basis with the original thirteen.
5. Creating the Constitution (pp. 175–182)
a. The weak and divided American government was at the mercy of foreign powers, especially its
previous mother country, ____________. A debtor uprising in western _____________ in 17___
called _________ Rebellion exemplified the potential for anarchy at home in the absence of a strong
central government. Ostensibly to strengthen the Articles, the states sent delegates to a convention in
______________ in May 17___. The method of selection (by state legislatures) assured that delegates
would be “a select group of propertied men.” *** Is it your sense that the main interest of these
delegates was stability and order or democracy and popular freedom? Why?
b. George _____________ was elected chairman of the convention, but the real “Father of the
Constitution,” who seized the initiative early, was James __________ of Virginia. When the
convention decided to scrap the Articles and start anew, the bargaining began. What was the
(1) “Great Compromise”:
(2) “Three-fifths Compromise”:
(3) Electoral College:
(4) Principle of “Checks and Balances”:
c. Look at the chart on p. 181. *** What two changes under the new Constitution do you think did
most to strengthen the federal government relative to the states?
(1)
(2)
6. Ratification (pp. 182–187)
a. *** From your perspective, what were the two best arguments against the new Constitution
advanced by the mostly backcountry Antifederalists?
(1)
(2)
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
b. Ratification was helped by publication of The ____________, an eloquent theoretical defense
written by Alexander __________, James ________, and John _______. What do the authors mean
when they say on p. 186 that “the minority had triumphed—twice?”
(1) First:
(2) Second:
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
The Constitution: Economic or Ideological Interpretation
1. Summarize the economic interpretation of the Constitution put forward by progressive historian
Charles Beard in 1913. Then list one or two pieces of evidence he uses to support his thesis.
Thesis:
Evidence:
2. Summarize the more revolutionary or ideological interpretation of historian Gordon Wood in 1969.
Then list one or two pieces of evidence, including Madison’s creative justification for an “extensive
republic” in Federalist 10.
Thesis:
Evidence:
3. *** Do you have any view about these differing interpretations? Do you see the Constitution as a
revolutionary or reactionary document—or a little of both? Review again the authors’ conclusions on
pp. 186–187. On balance, do you see the Constitution as the triumph of a conservative minority out to
protect their economic interests or as a triumph of the country’s brightest minds who sought to apply
republican theory better to the American situation
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
THE CONSTITUTION (Appendix Page A34)
1. Preamble: Signers of the Declaration of Independence had referred to themselves as “We, the
representatives of the United States of America …,” whereas the Constitution starts off “We the
people of the United States.” *** Can you come up with a theory to explain this important
distinction? If you are familiar with the political theories of John Locke, can you make a connection
between those theories and the phrase “We the people . . .”?
Skim over the Constitution and simply list the following main headings or bold-faced titles:
Article I
Art. I, Sec. II, Cl. 3
Art. I, Sec. III, Cl. 1
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 1
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 2
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 3
Art. I, Sec. VIII
Art. I, Sec. VIII, Cl. 18
Art. I, Sec. IX
Art. I, Sec. X
Art. II
Art. II, Sec. I, Cl. 2
Art. II, Sec. 2
Art. III
Art. III, Sec. II
Art. IV
Art. V
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
CHAPTER 9 TERM SHEET
Confederation and Constitution
Pages 166–168
Society of the Cincinnati
Abigail Adams
Pages 168–171
Massachusetts State Constitution
Fundamental Law
Bill of Rights
Pages 171–175
Articles of Confederation (1778–
1781)
Western land claims
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Pages 175–182
John Jay
Requisition System
Shays’ Rebellion (1786)
Alexander Hamilton
Philadelphia Convention (May–July
1787)
Benjamin Franklin
James Madison
Virginia (large‐state) Plan
New Jersey (small‐state) Plan
“reat Compromise”Electoral College
“hree‐fifths Compromise”Checks and balances
Pages 182–187
Anti‐federalists
Federalists
The Federalist Papers
(Hamilton/Madison/Jay)
CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION, 1776–1790
1. Part Two Intro. (pp. 164–165) This introduction gives you a preview of the authors’ answers to
certain key questions about the new nation as it struggled to find its legs and then to grow into
adolescence. Look at this section and list three major questions you think the authors will be
addressing in the next seven chapters.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2. Impact of Revolution (pp. 166–168)
a. Contrary to the French Revolution, the authors say that the break with England produced an
“accelerated evolution” rather than a full-scale social, economic, and political revolution.
Nevertheless, list two areas you found interesting where the authors say that “striking changes” did
result from the Revolution.
(1)
(2)
b. Summarize the argument of the authors as to why slavery was not abolished in the new, supposedly
democratic and egalitarian nation. *** Do you buy this argument?
3. State Constitutions (pp. 168–171) Significantly for the future national constitution, Congress asked
the ex-colonies to produce formal documents summoning themselves into being as new states. List
two features of these new state constitutions that you found to be particularly significant:
(1)
(2)
4. Articles of Confederation and Land Policy (171–175) (Note: It's interesting to think of the
similarities between the U.S. under the Articles and the European countries today that are working
gradually to come together under the European Union. The method of tax collecting is also similar to the
United Nations today which must rely on assessments from member states. The U.S. and other countries
often withhold their assessments if they disagree with certain U.N. policies.)
a. On p. 171, the authors call the thirteen original states essentially sovereign countries because they
_________ their own money, raised their own ___________ and navies, and erected their own
_________ barriers. The ____________ of Confederation were passed by Congress in 17___, but
required unanimous approval of the states. What had to be done with regard to state claims to western
lands before all states would concur?
b. List three features of the Articles of Confederation that differ from our current Constitution:
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
(1)
(2)
(3)
c. Despite its weakness under the Articles, the authors praise the passage by Congress of two highly
significant “red-letter” laws. The _______ Ordinance of 1785 called for the Northwest Territory to be
surveyed and sold to pay off the national debt, with a part of each section to be set aside for public
education. Even more important because it meant voluntarily giving up power, the _____________
Ordinance of 1787 set up the mechanism by which these territories could become states on an equal
basis with the original thirteen.
5. Creating the Constitution (pp. 175–182)
a. The weak and divided American government was at the mercy of foreign powers, especially its
previous mother country, ____________. A debtor uprising in western _____________ in 17___
called _________ Rebellion exemplified the potential for anarchy at home in the absence of a strong
central government. Ostensibly to strengthen the Articles, the states sent delegates to a convention in
______________ in May 17___. The method of selection (by state legislatures) assured that delegates
would be “a select group of propertied men.” *** Is it your sense that the main interest of these
delegates was stability and order or democracy and popular freedom? Why?
b. George _____________ was elected chairman of the convention, but the real “Father of the
Constitution,” who seized the initiative early, was James __________ of Virginia. When the
convention decided to scrap the Articles and start anew, the bargaining began. What was the
(1) “Great Compromise”:
(2) “Three-fifths Compromise”:
(3) Electoral College:
(4) Principle of “Checks and Balances”:
c. Look at the chart on p. 181. *** What two changes under the new Constitution do you think did
most to strengthen the federal government relative to the states?
(1)
(2)
6. Ratification (pp. 182–187)
a. *** From your perspective, what were the two best arguments against the new Constitution
advanced by the mostly backcountry Antifederalists?
(1)
(2)
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
b. Ratification was helped by publication of The ____________, an eloquent theoretical defense
written by Alexander __________, James ________, and John _______. What do the authors mean
when they say on p. 186 that “the minority had triumphed—twice?”
(1) First:
(2) Second:
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
The Constitution: Economic or Ideological Interpretation
1. Summarize the economic interpretation of the Constitution put forward by progressive historian
Charles Beard in 1913. Then list one or two pieces of evidence he uses to support his thesis.
Thesis:
Evidence:
2. Summarize the more revolutionary or ideological interpretation of historian Gordon Wood in 1969.
Then list one or two pieces of evidence, including Madison’s creative justification for an “extensive
republic” in Federalist 10.
Thesis:
Evidence:
3. *** Do you have any view about these differing interpretations? Do you see the Constitution as a
revolutionary or reactionary document—or a little of both? Review again the authors’ conclusions on
pp. 186–187. On balance, do you see the Constitution as the triumph of a conservative minority out to
protect their economic interests or as a triumph of the country’s brightest minds who sought to apply
republican theory better to the American situation
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
THE CONSTITUTION (Appendix Page A34)
1. Preamble: Signers of the Declaration of Independence had referred to themselves as “We, the
representatives of the United States of America …,” whereas the Constitution starts off “We the
people of the United States.” *** Can you come up with a theory to explain this important
distinction? If you are familiar with the political theories of John Locke, can you make a connection
between those theories and the phrase “We the people . . .”?
Skim over the Constitution and simply list the following main headings or bold-faced titles:
Article I
Art. I, Sec. II, Cl. 3
Art. I, Sec. III, Cl. 1
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 1
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 2
Art. I, Sec. VII, Cl. 3
Art. I, Sec. VIII
Art. I, Sec. VIII, Cl. 18
Art. I, Sec. IX
Art. I, Sec. X
Art. II
Art. II, Sec. I, Cl. 2
Art. II, Sec. 2
Art. III
Art. III, Sec. II
Art. IV
Art. V
© Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company Student Reading Questions for The American Pageant, Twelfth Edition
CHAPTER 9 TERM SHEET
Confederation and Constitution
Pages 166–168
Society of the Cincinnati
Abigail Adams
Pages 168–171
Massachusetts State Constitution
Fundamental Law
Bill of Rights
Pages 171–175
Articles of Confederation (1778–
1781)
Western land claims
Land Ordinance of 1785
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Pages 175–182
John Jay
Requisition System
Shays’ Rebellion (1786)
Alexander Hamilton
Philadelphia Convention (May–July
1787)
Benjamin Franklin
James Madison
Virginia (large‐state) Plan
New Jersey (small‐state) Plan
“reat Compromise”Electoral College
“hree‐fifths Compromise”Checks and balances
Pages 182–187
Anti‐federalists
Federalists
The Federalist Papers
(Hamilton/Madison/Jay)
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